Te Pānga o te Keri i raro i te Wai
Ko ngā hohonutanga o ngā moana o te ao, e kapi ana i te 70% o te mata o te Ao, kua whakaoho ake i te ahua ngaro me te miharo. I ngā tau tata nei, kua noho tēnei whānui whakamīharo hei rohe mō tētahi mahi ōhanga hou: te keri i raro i te wai. I te mimiti haere o ngā rauemi kohuke whenua, kua nui te kukume o ngā rahui kāore anō kia whakamahia i runga i te papa moana. Ahakoa he nui ngā tūmanakohanga ōhanga, me arotake hohonu ngā pānga o te keri i raro i te wai ki ngā pūnaha rauropi moana, ngā whenua ture, me ngā kaupapa here o te ao.
Te Mārama ki te Keri i raro i te Wai
Ko te keri raro i te wai, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te keri moana hohonu, ko te kohikohi i ngā kohuke me ngā konganuku utu nui mai i te moenga moana. Ko tēnei tukanga e aro ana ki ngā pona polymetallic, ngā kiripaka ferromanganese whai kobalt, me ngā sulphides polymetallic – ngā hanganga whenua e pupuri ana i ngā konganuku utu nui pēnei i te manganese, te nickel, te kobalt, te koura, me ngā huānga whenua onge. He mea nui ēnei kohuke mō te hanga i ngā hangarau hou, tae atu ki ngā waea atamai, ngā pākahiko mō ngā waka hiko, me ngā wāhanga pūngao whakahou.
Ko te tikanga, ko ngā waka e whakahaerehia ana mai i tawhiti (ROV) me ngā mīhini karetao i hangaia hei tu atu i ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana tino kino te tikanga o te mahi keri i raro i te wai. Nā ēnei whanaketanga hangarau, me te pikinga o te hiahia mō ngā kohuke, ka waiho te keri i raro i te wai hei mahi whakamīharo. Heoi, kei te hunaia te rongonui e ngā āwangawanga mō ōna whakaaro taiao, ture, me te pāpori-ōhanga.
Pānga Taiao
Ko tētahi o ngā āwangawanga taiao matua e pā ana ki te keri i raro i te wai ko te whakararuraru i ngā pūnaha rauropi moana ngoikore. He maha ngā momo koiora rerekē kei raro i te moana, tae atu ki ngā momo ahurei kāore anō kia tino kitea, kia māramahia hoki. Ko ngā mahi keri ā-tinana – te waru, te keri, me te nekenga paru – he tino mōrearea ki ēnei pūnaha rauropi.
Ka taea e ngā paru paru, arā, he kapua o ngā matūriki iri i whakaohokia i te wā o ngā mahi keri, te ārai i ngā mea ora o te moana, te whakararuraru i ngā tauira kai, me te whakaiti i te kounga o te wai. Ka taea hoki e te haruru me te parahanga mārama e puta mai ana i ngā taputapu keri te whakararuraru i ngā mea ora o te moana, inā koa ko ngā ika moana pēnei i te tohorā me te aihe e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te oro mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakatere.
Heoi anō, ko te tango i ngā pona polymetallic me ētahi atu kohuke ka tukuna ngā matū paitini kua mau i roto i ngā putunga kohuke, ka arahi pea ki te poke o te wai e karapoti ana, me te kino ki ngā momo wai. E mōhiotia ana te taiao moana hohonu mō ōna tere whakaora puhoi, ko te tikanga ka mau tonu te kino i puta mai i te keri mō ngā rautau, ki te kore e roa ake.
Whenua Ture me te Ture
Nā te whai i te mahi keri i raro i te wai kua ara ake ngā kōrero mō te whakahaere me ngā anga ture e tika ana hei whakahaere i tēnei mahi. Ko te Mana Whakahaere Moana o te Ao (ISA), i whakatūria i raro i te Kawenata a te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao mō te Ture o te Moana (UNCLOS), te kawenga mō te tirotiro i ngā mahi e pā ana ki ngā kohuke i roto i ngā wai o te ao, e kiia nei ko "te Rohe" kei tua atu i te mana whakahaere o te motu.
Kua tukuna e te ISA ngā raihana tūhura ki ngā whenua me ngā hinonga tūmataiti, e āhei ai rātou ki te aromatawai i te pūmanawa o ngā rohe motuhake o te moana. Heoi, he maha ngā wero ture kei te neke atu i te tūhura ki te whakamahi arumoni. Kei te haere tonu te tautohetohe mō te whakataurite i ngā painga ōhanga o te keri moana hohonu me te hiranga o te tiaki i ngā taiao moana.
Ka whai wāhi mai hoki ngā mana whakahaere ā-motu, inā koa i ngā rohe e mahia ana te keri i raro i te wai i roto i ngā Rohe Ōhanga Motuhake (EEZ). Me whakatū e ngā whenua he anga ture me ngā ture pakari hei tirotiro i ngā mahi keri, hei whakarite kia tutukihia ngā paerewa taiao, me te tiaki i ngā tika me ngā oranga o ngā hapori o te rohe.
Painga Hapori-Ohanga
Ko ngā pānga pāpori-ōhanga o te keri i raro i te wai e horapa atu ana i tua atu i ngā hua ōhanga tonu mai i te tango kohuke. Ko te pūmanawa mō te waihanga mahi, te whanaketanga hanganga, me ngā whanaketanga hangarau ka whai wāhi ki te tipu ōhanga o ngā whenua takutai. Heoi, me paunatia ēnei painga ki ngā utu pāpori pea, tae atu ki te nekehanga o ngā hapori, te ngaronga o ngā oranga tuku iho, me te tohatoha koretake o te taonga.
Ko ngā hapori taketake me ngā hapori takutai moana, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rauemi moana mō te oranga tonutanga me ngā mahi ahurea, tērā pea ka kitea he raruraru i roto i ō rātou oranga nā ngā mahi keri maina. He mea nui kia whakarite kia kōrerohia ēnei hapori, kia tiakina hoki ō rātou tika. Heoi anō, ko ngā hua ōhanga e puta mai ana i te keri maina i raro i te wai, me whakangao anō ki ngā kaupapa whanaketanga oranga tonutanga, pērā i te mātauranga, te hauora, me te tiaki taiao.
Hangarau me te Whakanuinga Putaiao
Ahakoa he nui ngā wero mō te taiao me te ture, ko te keri raro i te wai ka akiaki i te auahatanga me te kitenga pūtaiao. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā ROV matatau, ngā waka raro i te wai motuhake (AUV), me ētahi atu hangarau keri ka pana i ngā rohe o te hangarau me te karetao, ka tuku i ngā painga ka horapa atu mō ētahi atu rāngai, tae atu ki te rangahau raro i te wai, te tirotiro moana, me te whakaputa pūngao ki tai.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te tūhuratanga me te mahere o te papa moana ka whai wāhi ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te matawhenua me ngā rauropi moana. Mā ngā raraunga ka kohia i te wā o ngā aromatawai keri ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki te taiao moana hohonu, hei whakamōhio i ngā mahi tiaki taiao me te whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga whānui mō te rohe whakamutunga o te ao.
Te Whakataurite i ngā Painga me te Oranga Tonutanga
Ko te rapunga mō ngā kohuke o raro i te wai he tauira matarohia mō te whakataurite i ngā painga whakataetae: te whanaketanga ōhanga me te tiaki taiao. Hei whakatika i tēnei, he mea nui te huarahi maha-āhua. He mea nui ngā tukanga ture mārama me te whakauru, te whai wāhi a ngā kaipupuri hea, me te piri ki ngā paerewa taiao o te ao.
Ka taea hoki e ngā haumitanga ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga te whakaiti i ētahi o ngā mōrearea taiao e pā ana ki te keri i raro i te wai. He mea nui ngā hangarau e whakaiti ana i ngā paru paru, e whakaiti ana i te parahanga haruru, e āhei ai ngā tikanga tango tika, iti te pānga. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakatairanga i te mahi tahi o te ao mō te tiaki moana, te tiritiri raraunga, me te tiaki i ngā wāhi wera koiora kaiao ka āwhina i te taurite i ngā pauna.
Opaniraa
He take uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te keri i raro i te wai, e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, ture, pāpori-ōhanga, me te hangarau. Ahakoa he ātaahua ngā painga ōhanga me ngā whanaketanga hangarau, kāore e taea te wareware i ngā kino pea ki ngā rauropi moana me ngā hapori takutai.
I a te tangata e ruku ana ki roto i ngā moana hohonu, he mea nui kia āta tirohia, kia whai kawenga hoki. He mea nui ngā mahi pumau, ngā anga ture pakari, me te whakapau kaha ki te tiaki i ngā taiao moana utu nui o tō tātou ao. Mā te mahi i tēnei, ka taea e tātou te whakatuwhera i te pūmanawa o te keri i raro i te wai, me te tiaki anō hoki i te hauora me te pakari o ō tātou moana mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
