Te Tūranga o ngā Amiorangi i roto i te Rangahau Moana
I te whānuitanga o ngā moana o te ao, e huna ana i ngā hohonutanga o te moana ngā mea ngaro maha, ā, e kapi ana i te wāhanga nui o te mata o te Ao, he wero nui tonu te mahi ki te wetewete i ngā mea ngaro o te moana. Heoi, nā te taenga mai o te hangarau amiorangi, kua tino hurihia te tūhuratanga, te aroturukitanga, me te māramatanga ki ngā taiao moana. Ka whakaratohia e ngā amiorangi he tirohanga tino nui mai i te wāhi, e tuku ana i ngā raraunga whānui e whakatairanga ana i te rangahau moana i ngā huarahi kāore i whakaarohia i mua.
Te Whanaketanga o te Rangahau Moana
I ngā wā o mua, i whakawhirinaki nui ngā rangahau moana ki ngā kaipuke, ngā pōito, me ngā waka raro i te wai hei kohikohi raraunga. Ahakoa he nui ngā māramatanga o ēnei tikanga tuku iho, i whakawhāitihia e te whānuitanga whenua, te wā, me ngā wero whakahaere. He whānui ngā moana, ā, he iti noa iho te wāhanga o tēnei whānui ka taea e ngā tikanga in-situ te kapi, ka waiho he āputa nui i roto i tō tātou māramatanga.
I te rautau 20, i puta mai ngā whanaketanga nui me te whanaketanga o te hangarau amiorangi. Mai i te whakarewatanga o te amiorangi tirotiro whenua tuatahi, a Explorer I, i te tau 1958, me ngā whakarewatanga i muri mai i aro nui ki ngā rangahau moana, kua nui haere te tūranga o ngā amiorangi i roto i ngā rangahau moana.
Te Aroturuki i te Pāmahana o te Mata o te Moana (SST)
He mea nui ngā amiorangi kua whakauruhia ki ngā pūoko wera ki te ine i te pāmahana o te mata o te moana (SST). He tawhā nui te SST ki te mārama ki te huringa āhuarangi, te rere o te moana, me te matapae huarere. Ko ngā amiorangi pēnei i te raupapa amiorangi huarere a NOAA me ngā misioni Copernicus Sentinel a te Tari Wāhi Ātea o Ūropi (ESA) e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga SST whānui o te ao me te tika me te taumira whakamiharo.
Nā ēnei inenga kua pai ake te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i a El Niño me La Niña, he pānga nui tō ēnei ki ngā tauira huarere o te ao me ngā rauropi moana. Mā te aroturuki i te SST mai i te wāhi, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te kite wawe i ēnei tauira me te matapae tika ake i ō rātou pānga, hei āwhina i te whakarite me te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga kino.
Te Tae o te Moana me te Hua Koiora
Mā ngā amiorangi ka kitea ngā hua koiora o ngā moana mā roto i ngā pūoko tae o te moana. Ka kitea e ngā taputapu pēnei i te Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) me te Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ngā roangaru mārama motuhake e whakaatahia ana e te chlorophyll i roto i te phytoplankton. Ko ngā phytoplankton te tūāpapa o te whatunga kai moana, ā, ko tōna nui me tōna horapa he tohu mō te hauora me te hua o te moana.
Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga tae o te moana, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau tata i te koiora o ngā phytoplankton me te aroturuki i ngā puāwaitanga rimurimu kino (HAB). Ka pā kino pea ngā HAB ki ngā mea ora o te moana, ki te hauora o te tangata, me ngā ōhanga o te takutai moana. Mā te kitenga wawe i ēnei puāwaitanga mā te whakaahua amiorangi ka taea te whakaiti i ō rātou pānga i te wā tika.
Te Aroturukitanga o te Taumata Moana
Kua hurihia te rangahau mō ngā huringa o te taumata moana e ngā amiorangi. Ka inehia e ngā amiorangi altimeter, pērā i te TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, me te Jason-3 hou ake nei, te teitei o te mata o te moana me te tino tika. He mea nui ēnei raraunga hei mārama ki ngā ia o te pikinga o te taumata moana mō te wā roa, he hua nui o te huringa āhuarangi e peia ana e te mahana o te ao me te rewa o te hukapapa mai i ngā awaawa hukapapa me ngā papa hukapapa.
Mā ngā raraunga taumata moana tika ka āwhina i te aromatawai i te ngoikore o ngā rohe takutai ki te waipuke me te horo. Ka āwhina hoki i te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki mō te whakahaere takutai, te whakamahere hanganga, me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau amiorangi, ka oati ngā misioni a meake nei kia nui ake ngā raraunga taumata moana taipitopito me te whānui.
Te Whakawhitiwhiti me ngā Au o te Moana
He mea nui te mārama ki te rere o te moana me ngā ia o te moana hei hopu i ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūnaha āhuarangi, ngā rauropi moana, me te huringa waro o te ao. Ko ngā amiorangi kua whakauruhia ki ngā ine teitei radar me ngā ine marara, pērā i te Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich a te ESA me te raupapa Oceansat a te NASA, e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō te teitei o te mata o te moana me ngā tauira hau i runga i ngā moana.
Mā ēnei inenga ka āwhina i te mahere i ngā ia o te moana me ngā awhiowhio, e pā ana ki ngā tauira huarere, te tohatoha matūkai, me te hekenga o ngā momo ika o te moana. He mahi nui anō tā ngā ia o te moana ki te whakahaere i te āhuarangi o te Ao mā te tohatoha anō i te wera puta noa i te ao. Ka whakarei ake ngā raraunga amiorangi i tō tātou kaha ki te whakatauira me te matapae i ēnei pūnaha uaua, ka whai wāhi atu ki ngā matapae āhuarangi tika ake.
Te Aroturuki i ngā Para me te Parahanga o te Moana
He tino mōrearea te parahanga moana, tae atu ki ngā para kirihou, ki ngā pūnaha rauropi moana me te hauora o te tangata. He nui te mahi a ngā tikanga tuku iho mō te whai i ngā parahanga moana, ā, he iti noa ngā wāhi e kapi ana i ēnei. Ko ngā amiorangi, inā koa ko ngā amiorangi radar whatu teitei me ngā amiorangi radar whakatuwheratanga hangai (SAR), he huarahi whānui ake, he huarahi whai hua ake hoki mō te aroturuki i te parahanga moana.
Ka taea e ngā amiorangi te kite i ngā puranga nui o ngā para e rere ana, me te tautuhi i ngā pūtake o ngā turuturu hinu, ā, ka āwhina i ngā mana whakahaere ki te urupare wawe ki te whakaiti i ngā kino ki te taiao. Hei tauira, ko te misioni Copernicus Sentinel-1 a te Tari Ātea o Ūropi, me ōna āheinga SAR, ka taea te whai i ngā turuturu hinu me te aroturuki i ngā mahi hī ika turekore, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi tiaki moana.
Te Whakatairanga i te Mātauranga Pūtaiao me te Mahi Tahi
Haunga te whakarato raraunga nui, ka whakatairangahia e ngā amiorangi te mahi tahi ā-ao me te tiritiri raraunga i roto i te rangahau moana. Ko ngā kaupapa pēnei i te kaupapa Argo, he huinga o ngā pūoko mānu o te ao e tautokona ana e ngā raraunga amiorangi, ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua ā-tinana o te moana. Ko ngā kaupapa ā-ao, pēnei i te Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) me te Group on Earth Observations (GEO), e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā tirotirohanga e ahu mai ana i te amiorangi hei whakatairanga i te mahi tahi pūtaiao me te aro atu ki ngā wero taiao o te ao.
Te Anamata o te Hangarau Amiorangi i roto i te Rangahau Moana
I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga o te hangarau amiorangi, he pai te āhua o te heke mai o te rangahau moana. Mā ngā whakatupuranga hou o ngā amiorangi me ngā āheinga whakarei ake me te taumira teitei ake ka whakaratohia he raraunga taipitopito me te tika ake. Kei ngā auahatanga pēnei i te whakaahua hyperspectral, ngā pūnaha radar matatau, me ngā CubeSat iti te kaha ki te huri i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā moana.
Heoi anō, mā te whakaurunga o te mātauranga horihori me te ako mīhini me ngā raraunga amiorangi ka taea te whakapai ake i te tukatuka me te tātari raraunga, ka hurahia ngā tauira me ngā māramatanga hou. Mā ēnei whanaketanga ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te aroturuki me te matapae i ngā huringa o ngā taiao moana me te tika me te tere onge.
Opaniraa
He mea tino nui te tūranga o ngā amiorangi i roto i ngā rangahau moana. Mai i te aroturuki i te pāmahana o te mata o te moana me te tae o te moana ki te aroturuki i ngā huringa o te taumata moana, ngā ia o te moana, me te parahanga o te moana, he nui ngā raraunga e whakaratohia ana e ngā amiorangi hei whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā moana. He mea nui tēnei mōhiotanga hei aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao pēnei i te huringa āhuarangi, te tiaki moana, me te whakahaere rauemi pumau. I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau, ka noho tonu ngā amiorangi ki mua i te rangahau moana, hei whakamārama i ngā mea ngaro o te kikorangi hohonu, hei whakamana i te tangata ki te tiaki me te whakahaere pumau i ō tātou moana mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
