Spinoza me te Ariā o te Monism
He tohunga whakaaro a Baruch Spinoza o te rautau 17, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tōna pūkenga ki te whakawhanake i ngā ariā rapunga whakaaro hou me ngā ariā tautohenga o tōna wā. Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Spinoza, i kukume i te aro o te tini o ngā kaitātari whakaaro, ko tana ariā monism. Mā roto i tēnei ariā, i whakaatu a Spinoza i tētahi tirohanga mō te ao me te Atua i tino rerekē mai i te tirohanga takirua i rongonui i waenga i ngā tohunga whakaaro o mua pērā i a René Descartes . Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te māramatanga o Spinoza ki te monism, tōna hiranga ki te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro, me tōna pānga ki te whakaaro hou.
Te Papamuri o Spinoza me te Āhuatanga Matatika o te Ao
I whānau mai a Baruch Spinoza i te tau 1632 i Amsterdam i roto i tētahi hapori o ngā Hūrai Pōtikī i rere atu i te Inquisition i Pōtikī. I roto i te horopaki o taua wā, i awehia te tirohanga ao matua e ngā whakaakoranga a te Hāhi me te dualism Cartesian. I tautohe a René Descartes ko te mooni he mea hanga ki ngā matū motuhake e rua: ko te res cogitans (hinengaro) me te res extensa (toronga, rauemi rānei). Nā tēnei tirohanga i wehe te wairua i te tinana me te Atua i te ao tūroa.
I whakakahoretia e Spinoza tēnei ariā takirua, ā, i whakaurua mai e ia te ariā monism, e ahu mai ana i te tirohanga o te kotahi matū. I roto i tana mahi rongonui, "Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata" "Ethics" rānei, i tautohe ia kotahi anake te matū me ngā āhuatanga mutunga kore e hanga ana i ngā mea katoa o te ao. Ko tēnei matū ko te Atua, ko te Taiao rānei. E ai ki a Spinoza, he rite tonu te Atua me te Taiao (Natura), ā, ka whakakorea te takirua i waenga i te kaihanga me te mea i hangaia.
Te Ariā Monihi a Spinoza
Ko te ariā monist a Spinoza e ahu mai ana i te ariā kotahi anake te matū e noho ana, e kiia nei e ia ko Deus sive Natura (Atua, Taiao rānei). Ki tana titiro, ko ngā mea katoa e noho ana he whakaaturanga o ngā āhuatanga mutunga kore o tēnei matū kotahi. He mea motuhake tēnei matū, he mea motuhake i tetahi mea mō tōna noho, ā, he āhuatanga e puta ana i roto i ngā momo rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te tinana tangata me te hinengaro tangata he momo o te āhuatanga o te toronga me te āhuatanga o te whakaaro. Ko ngā mea katoa e noho ana, e puta ana rānei, he wāhanga o te whatunga o ngā take me ngā pānga e herea ana e tēnei matū kotahi.
I roto i te pukapuka Matatika, i tuhituhi a Spinoza ko tēnei matū tōna ake take (causa sui), arā, ko ia te pūtake o tōna ake oranga, motuhake mai i tētahi mea i waho i a ia anō. He rerekē tēnei i te tirohanga tuku iho mō te Atua hei kaihanga motuhake mai i tana hanganga. Ki a Spinoza, he matū kotahi te Atua e whakaatu ana i a ia anō i roto i ngā momo āhua me ngā momo e kitea ana e tātou i te ao whānui.
Ngā Pānga Matatika me ngā Tikanga Matatika o te Monism
He nui ngā pānga o ngā tirohanga monist a Spinoza ki ngā tikanga matatika me ngā tikanga tika. Nā te mea he wāhanga kotahi ngā mea katoa o te ao tūturu, i tautohe a Spinoza me mārama te tangata ki tō rātou tūranga hei wāhanga o te ao whānui. Mā tēnei māramatanga ka arahi ki tētahi oranga e rite ana ki te Taiao, ki te Atua rānei.
I roto i ngā kupu matatika, i whakaarohia e Spinoza te ariā o te 'conatus,' arā, te akiaki, te whai rānei a ngā mea katoa kia mau tonu tō rātou oranga me te whakatutuki i tō rātou āhua taketake. Mō te tangata, ka puta tēnei conatus hei akiaki ki te rapu mātauranga me te māramatanga. Mā te whakanui ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki tō tātou tūranga i roto i te ao whānui, ka taea e te tangata te whakatutuki i te harikoa nui ake me te noho tahi me ngā ture o te taiao.
I tautohe anō a Spinoza ko ngā kare ā-roto kino pēnei i te mauahara, te hae, me te riri e ahu mai ana i te kore mōhio ki ngā take i roto i te whatunga take o tētahi matū kotahi. Mā te mārama he take kore e taea te karo i ngā mea katoa i roto i te horopaki o tētahi matū nui ake, ka taea e te tangata te whakaae pai ake ki ngā āhuatanga me te whakawhanake i te whakaaro nui ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao.
Te Awe o te Monism a Spinoza ki te Rapunga Whakaaro Hou
Ahakoa i te tīmatanga i tino whakahēngia ngā ariā o Spinoza, ā, i whakaarohia ia e ētahi he kore whakapono ki te Atua, ko ōna tirohanga te tūāpapa nui mō te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro hou. I tautohetohe ngā kaimātai whakaaro o te wā whakamāramatanga pērā i a Leibniz rāua ko Locke i ōna whakaaro, ā, ahakoa i maha ā rāua whakahē, kāore i taea e rāua te wareware i ngā takoha nui a Spinoza ki ngā kōrero matatika me te matauranga.
I ēnei rā, kua nui haere te maioha me te whakahua i a Spinoza i roto i ngā kōrero rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā. Hei tauira, i tino awehia a Friedrich Nietzsche e ngā tirohanga a Spinoza mō te whakatau kaupapa me te ariā o te tangata herekore me te motuhake. I taua wā, i roto i te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, ko ngā whakaaro a Spinoza mō te herekore takitahi me te oranga e ahu mai ana i te whakaaro me te māramatanga he mea nui ki te whanaketanga o te ariā rīperare o ēnei rā.
I tua atu, i whakaaweawehia hoki e te ariā monist a Spinoza te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro existentialist me te phenomenology. Kua titiro ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Merleau-Ponty rāua ko Heidegger ki te ariā a Spinoza mō te takitahi hei tīmatanga mō te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hinengaro tangata me te ao huri noa.
Te Katinga
Nā te ariā monism a Baruch Spinoza i tohu te hurihanga o te tirohanga a te tangata ki tō rātou whanaungatanga ki te ao whānui me te Atua. Mā te kī kotahi anake te matū kei raro i ngā mea katoa, i whakakorea e Spinoza te wehewehenga tuku iho i waenga i te matū me te wairua, i waenga i te Atua me te ao i hangaia. Ahakoa i nui te whakahē i tēnei whakaaro i ōna rā, kua horapa haere tōna awe, ā, kei te mau tonu i roto i ngā kōrero rapunga whakaaro tae noa ki tēnei rā.
Mā te monism, ehara i te mea he tirohanga matatika ōrite anake tā Spinoza e tuku ana, engari he anga matatika hoki e akiaki ana i te tangata kia noho tahi me te Taiao. Ina whakamahia tēnei māramatanga ki te oranga o ia rā, ka taea te arahi ki te harikoa nui ake me te rangimārie o roto.
Mai i te tirohanga hītori, he pou nui a Spinoza i āwhina i te hanga i te whenua o te rapunga whakaaro hou. Ka whiti atu ōna whakaaro i te wā, ā, ka whakamāramahia tonutia e ngā whakatipuranga whakaaro o muri mai, e whakaatu ana i te āhua hohonu me te hurihanga o āna takoha ki te haerenga hinengaro o te tangata.
