Te Ariā Whakawhanaungatanga o te Pono
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro, ko te pātai "he aha te pono?" te tīmatanga o ngā tautohetohe nui. Ki tā ētahi he pumau, he whānui hoki te pono, ko tā ētahi he whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake: te ahurea, te reo, te tirohanga, te wā rānei. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te ariā whanaungatanga mō te pono. E kī ana te whanaungatanga mō te pono, ko te mea "pono" kāore e tū motuhake hei meka tino rite mō ngā tāngata katoa me ngā āhuatanga katoa, engari he hononga tata ki tētahi anga tohutoro motuhake.
Te Mārama ki te Whakawhanaungatanga o te Pono
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakaaro mō te pono, ko te uara pono o tētahi kōrero e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna horopaki. Tērā pea ko te ahurea, ko ngā tikanga pāpori, ko ngā pūnaha whakapono, ko te reo, tae noa ki te tirohanga a te tangata takitahi tēnei horopaki. Arā, tera pea ka kiia he pono tētahi kōrero i roto i tētahi anga, engari he hē—he koretake rānei—i roto i tētahi atu anga.
He rerekē te whakaaro whakawhanaungatanga mai i te "he tika te whakaaro o te katoa ki ō rātou ake whakaaro." Ko te whakaaro whakawhanaungatanga e pā ana ki te mana o te pono tonu, ehara i te rerekētanga o te reka anake. Hei tauira, ko te kōrero pēnei i te "He reka te kai werawera" e uru ana ki te ao o te manakohanga. Engari ko te kōrero pēnei i te "He koretake ētahi momo kākahu" he tauira pea mō te whakawhirinaki o te pono pāpori, te pono matatika rānei ki ngā tikanga ahurea o te rohe.
Ngā Pūtake o te Whakawhanaungatanga
Ehara te whakaaro whanaungatanga i te ariā hou. I roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru, he maha ngā wā e honoa ana ngā tāngata pēnei i a Protagoras (te tohunga whakaaro Kariki onamata) ki ngā ariā whanaungatanga mā roto i tana kīanga rongonui: "Ko te tangata te mehua o ngā mea katoa." He maha ngā wā e whakamāramahia ana tēnei kīanga ko te mea e kiia ana he pono, he tūturu rānei, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tangata hei kaupapa o te wheako me te whakatau.
I roto i ngā whanaketanga o ēnei rā, kua tino puea ake te ariā whanaungatanga i roto i te ako i te mātauranga tangata, te hapori o te mātauranga, me te rapunga whakaaro o te reo. Kua kitea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata he rerekē ngā tirohanga, ngā pūnaha uara, me ngā "pono" pāpori o ngā hapori rerekē. Ka whakatairangahia e tēnei te whakaaro kāore e taea te wehe i te pono, inā koa i roto i ngā tikanga matatika me ngā tikanga, mai i te horopaki ahurea.
Ngā Momo Whakawhanaungatanga o te Pono
Kāore te whanaungatanga o te pono e mau tonu i te āhua kotahi. He rerekētanga kei te kōrerohia pinepinetia:
1. Te whanaungatanga ahurea
Ko te pono—ina koa ko te pono matatika me te pono pāpori—e kiia ana he mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ahurea. Ko te mea e kiia ana he pai, he tika, he tika rānei i roto i tētahi ahurea, ka kiia pea he hē i roto i tētahi atu. Hei tauira, ko te āhua o te mihi ki ngā mātua, ngā tikanga tēpu, tae atu ki ngā ture marena, ka rerekē rawa atu.
2. Te whanaungatanga takitahi (te whanaungatanga ā-tangata)
E kitea ana te pono he mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tangata takitahi. He maha ngā wā ka rangona tēnei tirohanga i te ahua o "he pono ki ahau." Heoi, ki te whakamahia whānuitia, ka taea e te whakaaro whanaungatanga takitahi te hanga raruraru: me pēhea te wehewehe i te pono mai i ngā whakapono whaiaro hē noa iho?
3. Te whanaungatanga ariā, te whanaungatanga reo rānei
I awehia e te whakaaro ko te reo te kaihanga o te māramatanga o te tangata ki te ao. Mēnā he rerekē ngā hanganga me ngā ariā o te reo, ka rerekē anō hoki te "pono" ka taea te whakapuaki me te mārama. I roto i tēnei anga, kāore e taea te wehe i ngā kōrero pono me ngā kōrero teka i te pūnaha ariā e whakamahia ana.
4. Te whanaungatanga epistemic
Me te whakanui i te rerekētanga o ngā paerewa mō te whakamana i te mātauranga (he aha ngā taunakitanga pakari, ngā tikanga whai mana, me te mana pono) puta noa i ngā hapori. Nō reira, ka taea te mārama ki te pono pūtaiao i roto i ngā panonitanga tauira, ahakoa kāore ngā tohunga whakaaro katoa e whakaae he mea whanaunga katoa te pūtaiao.
Te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Pono Matatika
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino kaha o te whakaaro whānui ko te matatika. E kī ana te whakaaro whānui kāore he paerewa matatika whānui e pā ana ki te katoa. Engari, ka whakatauhia ngā matatika he tika, he hē rānei i runga i ngā tikanga o tētahi hapori motuhake.
Ko te painga o tēnei huarahi, he whakatenatena i te manawanui, ā, he whakaiti i te hiahia ki te whakahāwea i ētahi atu ahurea mā runga i ō rātou ake paerewa. E whakamahara ana ia ki a tātou ko ngā paerewa matatika he maha ngā wā ka hangaia e te hītori, ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, te whakapono, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Heoi, ko tana whakahē matua ko te whakahāwea i ngā tikanga matatika ka uaua ki te whakahē i ngā mahi e tino whara ana i te tangata, pērā i te tutu pūnaha, te whakahāwea rānei. Mena he mea whakahāwea ngā mea katoa, he aha te pūtake ka taea e tātou te kī he "hē" tētahi mahi?
Ngā Tautohe hei Tautoko i te Whakawhanaungatanga
He maha ngā take e whakahuatia ana e ngā kaitautoko o te relativism:
– Te kanorau o ngā whakapono me ngā mahi
Ko te mea he rerekē ngā whakapono o te tangata, he maha ngā wā ka tangohia hei taunakitanga kāore he pono kotahi. Mēnā he mārama ngā pono whānui, he aha i nui ai ngā rerekētanga?
– Te piri ki te horopaki
He maha ngā kōrero ka whai tikanga anake ina mārama tātou ki tōna horopaki. Hei tauira, he rerekē ngā ture tikanga i ia wāhi, i ia wāhi. E whakaatu ana tēnei kāore e taea te wehe i te "tika" me te "hē" i roto i te ao pāpori mai i te taiao.
– Te whakahē i ngā kereme tino pono
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakaaro whanaungatanga hei whakakore i te mana o tētahi rōpū e kī ana i te pono tuturu, me te whakahau i tēnā ki ētahi atu. I roto i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, i ētahi wā ka honoa ngā kereme ki te pono tuturu ki te koroni, ki te tukino, ki te nanakia rānei.
Arotake i te Whakawhanaungatanga
He nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga. Ko te whakahē rongonui e pā ana ki te raruraru o te whakahē-whaiaro: ki te kī te whanaungatanga "he whanaungatanga te pono katoa," e kiia ana taua kōrero he whanaungatanga, he ao whānui rānei? Ki te mea he ao whānui, kāti kotahi te pono ao whānui e whakakore ana i te whanaungatanga. Ki te mea he whanaungatanga, kāti ka taea e ētahi atu te whakahē me te kore he raruraru.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e te whanaungatanga te whakararuraru i:
– Te kōrero me te aromatawai i waenga i ngā ahurea
Ki te kore he paerewa e ōrite ana, me pēhea tā tātou matapaki i ngā pakanga uara? Me pēhea tā tātou whakatau i ngā rerekētanga matatika, tōrangapū rānei?
– Pūtaiao me ngā meka whaimana
I roto i te pūtaiao, he maha ngā pono e whakamatautauria ana mā roto i ngā tikanga ōrite: te mātakitaki, te whakamātautau, me te tāruarua. Ahakoa he rerekē ngā whakamārama, he tokomaha e kī ana kei reira ētahi āhuatanga o te ao tūturu e motuhake ana i te ahurea, pērā i ngā ture taketake o te ahupūngao.
– Te mōrearea o te kī "he rite tonu te katoa"
He maha ngā wā ka hē te whakaaro ki te whanaungatanga hei nihilism: me te mea kāore he rerekētanga i waenga i te whakaaro whai pūtake me te whakaaro koretake. Heoi, ahakoa i roto i te anga whanaungatanga, ka taea tonu e tātou te aromatawai mēnā he rite te kereme ki ngā paerewa o te hapori, ki te horopaki rānei e whakamahia ana.
Te Whakawhanaungatanga i roto i te Ao Hou
I tēnei wā o te ao whānui me te ipurangi, he mea nui te whakaaro he rite tonu te pono ki te mea kotahi. E tūtaki ana tātou ki ngā kōrero rerekē mō te hītori, te tōrangapū, te whakapono, me te tuakiri. Ka tere ake te hononga o ngā tirohanga mā te pāpāho pāpori, engari ka hangaia hoki he "rūma whakaata" e whakaū ana i te putanga ake o te pono.
Mā te whakaaro whānui tātou e āwhina kia whakaiti ake i a tātou: kia mōhio ai ko tō tātou taiao te mea e hanga ana i ō tātou tirohanga. Engari me tautoko hoki e te waiaro arohaehae kia kore ai tātou e taka ki te mahanga o te whakaaro kāore he hiranga o ngā taunakitanga, ngā raraunga, me ngā whakaaro whaitake.
Whakamutunga
E whakanui ana te ariā whanaungatanga mō te pono kāore te pono i te tino pumau i ngā wā katoa, engari he maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki ki tētahi anga ahurea, reo, tauira, tirohanga rānei. He pai tēnei tirohanga mō te mārama ki te kanorau o te tangata me te whakatairanga i te manawanui. Heoi, he nui ngā whakahē e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga, inā koa mō tōna āhua whakahē-ā-roto me te uaua ki te whakatū paerewa whakatau ōrite.
I roto i tētahi ao maha-rōpū, ka taea e te whakaaro-ā-roto te whakamahi i te whakaaro-ā-roto hei taputapu whakaaroaro: te tono kia whakaarohia te horopaki i mua i te whakawā. Heoi, kia noho hua ai, me haere tahi te whakaaro-ā-roto me te whakapau kaha ki te kōrero whaitake, te pono o te hinengaro, me te rapu i ngā huarahi e tika ana—i roto i ngā take e pā ana ki te haumaru, te tika, me te mana tangata.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira tūturu (hei tauira, i roto i te ture, i ngā matatika, i te ahurea rongonui rānei) ka taea rānei e au te waihanga i tētahi putanga mātauranga ake o te tuhinga me ngā tohutoro whānui ake ki ngā tauira me ngā kupu rapunga whakaaro.
