Te Rapunga Whakaaro Ture Taiao: Te Tūhura i ōna Pūtake me ōna Whakapānga
Pendahuluan
Ko te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao, e kiia ana ko te justnaturalism, he peka o te rapunga whakaaro ture e whakapono ana ko te ture i hangaia i runga i ngā mātāpono matatika whānui, pumau. E whakaponohia ana ko ēnei mātāpono i ahu mai i te taiao, i tētahi mea nui rānei, ehara i te mea nā ngā whakataunga tangata, nā te mana tōrangapū rānei. I puta mai te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao i mua noa atu i te whanaketanga o te ture pai, i whakanui ai ko te ture he hua o ngā tikanga pāpori me te tōrangapū. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā takenga mai, ngā ariā taketake , me ngā pānga o te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao i roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā.
Hītori me ngā Takenga Mai
Kua roa te ariā o te ture taiao e ahu mai ana i ngā wā onamata, ā, ko ōna pūtake i ahu mai i ngā tohunga whakaaro Kariki pērā i a Hōkerete, Plato, me Aristotle. I whakapono rātou ki ngā ture whānui ka taea te whakamahi i ngā wāhi katoa, i ngā wā katoa, ahakoa ngā tikanga pāpori, tōrangapū rānei. Ko ngā tauira rongonui o tēnei whakaakoranga ko te Republic a Plato me te Politics a Aristotle, e tūhuratia ana ngā ariā mutunga kore o te tika me ngā tikanga matatika.
I te Waenganui o ngā Tau, i whiwhi te ariā o te ture taiao i tētahi turanga ariā pakari nā roto i ngā mahi a Thomas Aquinas . I whakauru a Aquinas i ngā whakaakoranga a Aristotle ki te karakia Karaitiana, me te tautohe ko te ture taiao he wāhanga o te mahere atua, ā, ka taea te mōhio mā te whakaaro tangata. I roto i tana "Summa Theologica," i kī a Aquinas ko te ture taiao ko te ture a te Atua kua tuhia ki roto i te ngākau o te tangata, e āhei ai te tangata ki te wehewehe i waenga i te pai me te kino.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Rapunga Whakaaro Ture Taiao
Ko te rapunga whakaaro mō te ture taiao e ahu mai ana i ētahi mātāpono taketake e whai tikanga tonu ana i ēnei rā:
1. Te Whaitake o te Matatika: He whaitake, he whānui hoki ngā mātāpono matatika e tū ana i raro i te ture taiao. Ko te tikanga, kāore e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hiahia o tētahi tangata, o tētahi hapori rānei, engari e whai mana whānui ana.
2. Te Whakaaro me te Whakaaro Matatau: Ko tētahi o ngā huarahi matua ki te mārama ki te ture taiao ko te whakaaro tangata. He tangata whakaaro nui te tangata, ā, ka taea e ia te wehewehe i waenga i te tika me te hē, te mea tika me te mea hē.
3. Te Tika Mutunga Kore: Ahakoa ngā panonitanga o ngā āhuatanga pāpori, tōrangapū rānei, ka noho tonu te tika i roto i te ture taiao. Nō reira, ka taea te whakamahi i te ture taiao hei paerewa mō te whakatau i te ture pai—arā, te ture i hangaia e te tangata.
4. Ngā Tika Tangata: He maha ngā wā e hono ana te ture taiao ki ngā tika taketake, ngā tika kore e taea te tango, pērā i te tika ki te ora, te herekore, me te whai i te harikoa. He tika ēnei me mōhiotia e tētahi hapori tika.
Ngā tautohetohe me ngā wero
Heoi anō, kāore te ture taiao e kore e whakahēngia, e tautohetohetia ana hoki. Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua ko te kore mārama me te koretake o te tikanga o te "ture taiao". Mō tēnei, he maha ngā kaupapa matua e tautohetohetia ana.
1. Te Korekore o te Matatika: E kī ana ngā kairīti he maha ngā wā kāore i te mārama ngā ariā matatika e kiia ana he whānui, ā, he maha ngā whakamāramatanga. He rerekē te mea e kiia ana he tika, he hē rānei i roto i te ahurea ki te ahurea.
2. Ngā Raru o te Whakamahinga: He kaupapa tautohetohe te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono ture taiao i roto i ngā āhuatanga tūturu. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia e ngā tautohetohe mō ngā tika taketake ka taupatupatu ēnei mātāpono tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te mahi.
3. Te Whakawhanaungatanga Ahurea: E kī ana ētahi kairīti he āhua kore aro te ture taiao ki te kanorau ahurea me te hītori pāpori. E kī ana rātou he nui te awe o te horopaki ahurea me te hītori ki te ture me te matatika, ā, kāore e taea te whai ture whānui.
Ngā Pānga i roto i te Horopaki Hou
Ahakoa ēnei whakahē, kei te kaha tonu te awe o te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao i roto i ngā momo mara, inā koa i roto i te ture mō ngā tika tangata me ngā tikanga matatika o te ao. Ko te ariā o ngā tika tangata i raro i te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata o te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao i te tau 1948 he nui te awe o ngā mātāpono ture taiao. Ko ngā tika ki te ora, ki te herekore, me te haumaru o te tangata kua whakamanahia i roto i tēnei whakapuakitanga he tauira tūturu o ngā mātāpono ture taiao e whakaaetia whānuitia ana.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko ngā tautohetohe mō te matatika me ngā ture tika i roto i te hapori hou e ahu mai ana i ngā tautohetohe mai i te rapunga whakaaro o te ture taiao. Hei tauira, ko ngā tautohetohe mō te whiu mate, te whakatahe, me te marena takatāpui e uru ana ki ngā kōrero mō ngā mātāpono matatika e whakaarohia ana he ao whānui, he mea tawhito hoki.
Whakamutunga
He anga hohonu, whai kiko hoki te rapunga whakaaro o te ture taiao hei mārama ki ngā takenga mai, te whakamahinga, me te kaupapa o te ture. Ahakoa ngā whakahē me ngā tautohetohe maha, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā mātāpono taketake o te ture taiao, inā koa i roto i ngā kōrero mō ngā tika tangata me te tika mutunga kore. Hei tangata whai whakaaro, kei a te tangata te kaha ki te tūhura me te whakataurite i ngā mātāpono matatika me ngā mātāpono ture ka taea te kawe mai i te tika me te pono ki te hapori.
Mā te mōhio ki te ture taiao, ka maumahara tātou kei raro i ngā mātāpono matatika te ture e hipa ana i ngā rohe o mua me ngā rohe ahurea. E karanga ana tēnei ki a tātou katoa kia whai tonu i te tika mā te maia matatika me te whakaaro nui, me te whakaute anō hoki i te kanorau me te maha o ngā momo tangata kei roto i te hapori. Nō reira, ehara te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao i te ariā noa iho engari he aratohu mahi anō hoki hei waihanga i tētahi ao tika ake, ā, he ao atawhai tangata ake.
