Te Ariā o te Pono e ai ki a Hōkerete
Ko Hōkerete (469–399 BC) tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru. Ahakoa kāore i waiho e ia he tuhinga, ka taea te whai i ana whakaaro mā roto i ngā mahi a āna ākonga, inā koa ko Plato rāua ko Xenophon, tae atu ki ngā whakahē me ngā whakaahuatanga o Aristophanes. I roto i te taonga tuku iho hinengaro o Hōkerete, ko te aro ki te pātai "he aha te pono?" he mea nui. Ki a Hōkerete, ehara i te mea he kohinga mōhiohio noa iho te pono engari he hononga tata ki te huarahi pai o te noho, te ngākau pono (aretê), me te arotake tonu i a ia anō. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o Hōkerete mō te pono, ngā tikanga i whakamahia e ia ki te rapu, me ōna pānga ki ngā tikanga matatika me te oranga hapori.
1. He mea te pono hei rapu, ehara i te mea hei kī.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o Hōkerete ko tōna waiaro ki te mātauranga. He rongonui ia mō tana kōrero, e whakarapopototia ana pēnei "E mōhio ana ahau kāore au i te mōhio." Ehara i te mea e whakahē ana tēnei kōrero i te āheinga o te pono, engari e whakahē ana ia i te whakaaro o te mōhio ki ngā mea. I kite ia he tokomaha ngā tāngata—tae atu ki ngā kaitōrangapū, ngā kaitito, me ngā tohunga—e kī ana e mōhio ana rātou ki ngā mea kāore i te tino mārama.
Mai i tēnei, e mārama ana, ki a Hōkerete, ehara te pono i te mea he whakapono pakari, he mana pāpori rānei. Engari, ko te pono e hiahia ana ki te ngākau mahaki hinengaro: he hiahia ki te tirotiro i ō ake whakaaro, me te whakaae he maha ngā mea e whakaarohia ana e tātou he mea noa, ka pakarukaru pea. Mā tēnei waiaro ka whakatakoto i te tūāpapa mō te rapu pono ake mō te pono.
2. Te tikanga elenchus: te whakamātautau i ngā whakapono hei whakatata atu ki te pono
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te ariā o Hōkerete mō te pono mai i tana tikanga rongonui, te elenchus (e kiia ana ko te tikanga a Hōkerete, ko te tikanga pātai-me-te-whakautu rānei). I roto i te kōrero, ka pātai a Hōkerete ki tana hoa kōrero kia tautuhia he ariā—hei tauira, te tika, te maia, te karakia, te ngākau pono rānei. I muri i te hoatutanga o te whakamāramatanga, ka pātai a Hōkerete i ētahi atu pātai hei whakamātautau i tōna ōritetanga.
Mena ka puta he whakahē i roto i te whakamāramatanga, kāore rānei e whakamārama i ngā tauira motuhake, ka whakatau a Hōkerete he hē, he koretake rānei. Ehara i te mea ko te whakama tana whāinga matua, engari ko te whakaatu he maha o ā tātou whakapono e hangai ana ki ngā turanga wiri. I roto i tēnei anga, ka mārama te pono he mea e whakatatahia ana mā te tātari: ka makahia ngā whakapono taupatupatu, ka puritia ngā whakaaro kaha ake.
Ara, e ai ki a Hōkerete, he "whakamātautau" te pono. Kāore e taea te kī he whakaaro pono noa iho; me tu tonu ki ngā pātai arohaehae.
3. Te pono, te whakamāramatanga whānui, me te rapunga mō te mauri
I tino hiahia a Hōkerete ki ngā whakamāramatanga whānui: ehara i te mea ko ngā tauira o ngā "mahi tika" anake, engari ko te "he aha te tika" he rite tonu puta noa i ngā take katoa. I hiahia ia ki te mōhio he aha te mea e tika ai te mahi, kaua ko te hanga noa i tētahi rārangi o ngā mahi tika.
E whakaatu ana tēnei he taha nui tō te pono, e ai ki a Hōkerete: he mauri kei roto i tētahi ariā matatika ka kitea mā te whakaaroaro. I roto i ngā kōrero tuatahi a Plato, he maha ngā wā ka kite tātou i a Hōkerete e kore e makona ki ngā whakautu whanaunga, ki ngā whakautu horopaki rānei. E whai ana ia i ngā whakautu ka taea te whakamahi whānui ake.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia, he maha ngā wā i mutu ai ngā kōrero a Hōkerete me te aporia—he ara kore e taea te whakaoti. Kāore i kitea he whakamāramatanga whakamutunga. Engari ehara tēnei ara kore i te tino rahua; he hua pono nō te tukanga hinengaro. He pai ake te whakaae ki te kuware i te piri ki tētahi whakamāramatanga teka. E tohu ana hoki a Aporia ehara i te mea ngāwari te kimi i te pono, ā, me whai manawanui ki te rapu i te pono.
4. Te pono me te ngākau pai: te mātauranga hei pūtake mō te oranga pai
He rerekē ki ngā tirohanga e wehewehe ana i te pono ariā mai i te ao mahi, i hono tata a Hōkerete i ngā mea e rua. I whakapono ia ko te mōhio ki te pai ka arahi ki te mahi i te pai. I roto i ngā whakamāramatanga maha, i pupuri a Hōkerete i tētahi tirohanga e kiia ana ko te "hinengaro matatika": e pā ana te pai ki te mātauranga, ā, ko te kino ka puta mai i te kuware.
Nō reira, ehara i te mea he pono noa te pono i te taha arorau, engari he pono anō hoki i te taha o te oranga pai. Ko te pono tētahi mea e hanga ana i te āhua o te tangata. Hei tauira, ko te hunga e mārama ana ki te tika, ehara i te mea he pai ki te kōrero mōna engari he tika ake hoki te noho.
I tēnei wā, ko te ariā o Hōkerete mō te pono e ārahi ana ki ngā tikanga matatika : ko te rapu i te pono ko te rapu i te pai. Nō reira, i whakaaro ia "kāore e tika kia ora te oranga kāore i tirotirohia." Ko te oranga pai he oranga e tirotiro tonu ana i ngā hihiri, i ngā whakapono, me ngā mahi—ā, ko taua tukanga tirotiro e pā tika ana ki te rapu i te pono.
5. Te pono hei kōrero: te tūranga o te hapori me te reo
He tikanga kōrero te tikanga a Socrate. Kāore ia i whakaako mā roto i ngā kauhau kotahi-ara, engari mā te whakauru i ngā ākonga ki te whakaaro tahi. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te pono, ki a Socrate, ehara i te hua o tētahi mana kotahi engari e puta mai ana i te kōrero arohaehae. I roto i te kōrero, me whakapuaki ngā tāngata takitahi i ngā take, me whakamārama i ngā ariā, me te tirotiro i ō rātou hua.
I roto i tēnei tauira, ko te pono he mea e pā ana ki tētahi mea "kua oti" kaua ki tētahi mea "kua oti." E hiahia ana te pono ki te whai wāhi kaha: te pātai, te whakautu, te tautohetohe, te whakatika, me te whakahou i te māramatanga. Nō reira, he mea nui te tuwhera me te maia hinengaro hei whakatata atu ki tēnei.
6. Te rerekētanga ki ngā tohunga whakaaro nui: te pono me te wikitoria whaikōrero
I te wā o Hōkerete, i rongonui ngā tohunga whakaaro nui hei kaiako whaikōrero—te pūkenga kōrero i te aroaro o te marea me te toa i ngā tautohetohe. He maha ngā wā i whakatauritea a Hōkerete ki ngā tohunga whakaaro nui nā te mea i kitea ia he tangata e rapu ana i te pono, kaua i te wikitoria. Ki a Hōkerete, ehara i te mea tino kaha te tautohetohe pai, engari ko te mea tino pumau me te tino whai hua ki te whakamārama i te pono matatika.
Ko te tikanga, e hono ana ngā Sophists (ahakoa he maha ngā wā e tautohetia ana tēnei whakawhanuitanga) ki te whanaungatanga: ka whakawhirinaki te tika me te hē ki ngā hiahia me ngā āhuatanga. I tētahi atu taha, i pupuri a Hōkerete i te tumanako kei reira he pono matatika ka kitea mā te whakaaro nui. I whakakahore ia i te tirohanga ko te mea nui ko te āhua tika; ko te mea nui ko te tika tonu.
7. Te pono me te reo o roto (daimonion)
I ētahi puna, e kī ana a Hōkerete he daimonion tāna, he momo reo o roto e whakatūpato ana i a ia ina tata ia ki te mahi i tētahi mea hē. Ehara te daimonion i te puna o te mātauranga katoa, engari he whakatūpato kino: "kaua e mahi i tēnā." He mea whakamere tēnei mō te ariā o te pono, nā te mea e kī ana ki a Hōkerete, ehara te rapunga i te pono i te mea he mea noa iho nā te marea, engari he mea e pā ana ki te ngākau pono o roto.
Heoi, kāore i whakakapia e te daimonion te kōrero whaitake. I haere tonu a Hōkerete ki te tautohetohe, ki te pātai, me te tono whakaaro whaitake. Nō reira, ko te pono i roto i te māramatanga o Hōkerete e kapi ana i ngā taha whaitake me ngā taha matatika: te pono ki ngā whakahau a te hinengaro.
8. Te pono, te maia, me ngā hua pāpori
Nā te whakapau kaha o Hōkerete ki te pono i taupatupatu ai ia ki ngā mana whakahaere o Ātene. I whakapaehia ia mō te whakakino i te hunga rangatahi me te kore whakaute i ngā atua o te tāone. Hei tiaki i a ia (e ai ki tā Plato i whakaahua ai i roto i te Apologia), i kī a Hōkerete ko tana kaupapa he whakatenatena i te arotake i a ia anō, ā, i pai ake ia ki te whakarongo ki tana karanga rapunga whakaaro i te karo i te mōrearea.
Mai i tēnei, te āhua nei me māia te pono, e ai ki a Hōkerete. Ko te whakamātautau i ngā whakapono a te marea ko te whakatuwhera i a koe anō ki te āheinga o te whakakorenga, te mauahara rānei. Engari ki a Hōkerete, he kino atu i te mate te oranga kāore he pono hinengaro me te pono matatika. Kāore te pono i te whakamarie i ngā wā katoa; he maha ngā wā ka ohorere.
Whakamutunga
E ai ki a Hōkerete, ehara te ariā o te pono i te ariā whānui e wehea ana mai i te ao, engari he mahi rapunga whakaaro e hiahia ana ki te ngākau mahaki, te kōrero arohaehae, me te whakapau kaha ki te pai. I whakaako a Hōkerete ko te pono he tukanga uiuinga nui atu i te kereme mana. Mā te tikanga a Elenchus, i whakamatautauria e ia ngā whakapono kia whakakorea ngā whakahē me te tae atu ki tētahi whakamāramatanga pakari ake. I kī anō ia ko te mōhio ki te pai e pā tika ana ki te mahi me te āhua.
E whakamahara mai ana te taonga tuku iho a Hōkerete ki a tātou kāore te pono e ranea ki te whakapono noa; me tirotirohia. Ā, ko taua tirotiro—ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka ara ake ngā arai—he taahiraa nui ki te māramatanga mārama ake me te oranga whai tikanga ake . Mena he mea e whai ana tātou katoa ki te pono mā te uiui pono, kei te whai tikanga tonu te huarahi noho me te whakaaro o Hōkerete i ēnei rā.
