Te Ariā o te Oranga e ai ki a Heidegger
Ko Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro whai mana nui o te rautau 20, inā koa nā roto i tana mahi Sein und Zeit (Te Noho me te Wā, 1927). I roto i tēnei pukapuka, ka pātai a Heidegger i te pātai e whakaarohia ana e ia ko te pātai tino taketake engari kāore i te tino warewarehia i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru: he aha te tikanga o te "noho" me te "noho" (Te Noho/Sein)? He rerekē ki te tikanga matatika, e kōrero pinepine ana mō te "noho" hei ariā āhua-kore, hei āhuatanga rānei kei roto i ngā mea, ka tīmata a Heidegger me te wheako o te tangata e noho ana, e noho ana, e anga atu ana ki te ao o ia rā. Mai i konei ka puta tana whakaaro matua mō te noho tangata hei Dasein—"te noho-i reira"—e whakatuwhera ana i te ara ki tētahi māramatanga pono ake mō te tikanga o te noho.
Te pātai mō te "Te Noho" me te arotake a Heidegger i te tikanga rapunga whakaaro
E ai ki a Heidegger, mai i a Plato rāua ko Aristotle, kua aro nui te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru ki ngā "mea ora" (ngā hinonga, ngā mea ora, ngā Seiendes): ngā mea, ngā wairua, ngā whakaaro, ngā matū, te Atua, me ērā atu mea. Heoi, kāore i te maha ngā wā e pātai nui ana te rapunga whakaaro mō te "Whare Ora" tonu (Sein), te āhua e taea ai e tetahi mea te "noho." Ehara te "Whare Ora" i te mea, i te hinonga rānei e taea e tātou te tohu atu; ko te pae tawhiti o te tikanga e āhei ai tetahi mea te puta hei mea. Koia te take i karangatia ai e Heidegger tana kaupapa ko te "ontology taketake": he ngana ki te hura i ngā pūtake o ngā pātai katoa mō te mooni.
Ko te aro nui o te arotake a Heidegger ko te ia o te "wareware ki te Ao" (Seinsvergessenheit). Ina whakaarohia e te tangata te ao hei kohinga mea ka taea te whakamārama, te ine, te whakahaere rānei, ka ngaro te hononga hohonu ki te tikanga o te ao. Kāore a Heidegger e whakahē ana i te pūtaiao, engari e whakapono ana ia kāore e ranea te huarahi pūtaiao e aro ana ki te mea hei whakautu i te pātai tino nui: me pēhea te āhua o te mea ki a tātou he mea whai tikanga.
Dasein: te tangata hei "noho-i-te-ao"
Hei whakautu i te pātai mō te Noho, kāore a Heidegger e tīmata tonu mai i tētahi ariā āhua-whāiti, engari mai i te mea tonu e kaha ana ki te pātai i te Noho: te tangata. Ki a Heidegger, ehara ngā tāngata i te "tangata whakaaro noa" me te "kaupapa" e tūtaki ana ki ngā "taonga". Ka tapaina e ia ngā tāngata ko Dasein, ko tōna tikanga "noho-i reira." E whakanui ana tēnei kupu kei roto tonu te tangata i tētahi ao, i roto i ngā āhuatanga, ngā hītori, ngā whanaungatanga, ngā reo, me ngā kaupapa ora.
Ko te ariā matua i konei ko te Noho-i-te-ao (In-der-Welt-sein), "te noho-i-te-ao." Ko te tikanga tēnei kāore e taea te wehe i te oranga tangata mai i te ao hei wāhi noho whai tikanga. Ehara te ao i te wāhi noho koretake; he wāhi whakauru: te mahi, te whānau, ngā tikanga, ngā taputapu, ngā whāinga, ngā uara, me ētahi atu tāngata. I roto i te oranga o ia rā, kāore tātou e kite i ngā mea hei "mea tūturu," engari hei mea whai hua: he hama hei patu i te whao, he tatau hei whakatuwhera, he waea pūkoro hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ko te ao te mea nui hei whatunga whakamahinga me ngā hiahia.
Te whakaaturanga o tētahi mea: "kua rite ki te kakahu" me te "tino motuhake"
E rua ngā huarahi matua e wehewehea ana e Heidegger e puta ai tētahi mea ki a Dasein. Tuatahi, he rite ki te ringaringa (Zuhanden), he maha ngā wā e whakamaoritia ana ko te "rite ki te whakamahi" me te "kei roto i te ringaringa". E pā ana tēnei ki ngā mea e whakamahia ana e tātou i roto i ā tātou mahi. Ina pato tātou, kāore te papapātuhi e waiho hei mea e arohia ana; ka "ngaro" i roto i te rere o te mahi, i a ia e mahi tonu ana hei wāhanga o te mahi tuhituhi.
Tuarua, hei mea kei te aroaro tonu (Vorhanden), "e kitea ana" "kei te aroaro tonu rānei," arā, ina kitea tetahi mea hei mea hei tirotiro. Hei tauira, ina pakaru te papapātuhi, ā, ka mutu tā tātou pato, ka puta mai hei mea hei tirotiro: ka aromatawaihia e tātou ngā kī, te raupapatanga, te take o te kino. E whakanui ana a Heidegger ko te aratau "kua rite ki te ringa" he mea taketake ake i te "e kitea ana," nā te mea he mahi tūturu, he whai wāhi hoki ō tātou oranga, ehara i te mea he whakaaroaro noa iho.
"Rātou" me te oranga tūturu o ia rā
I te nuinga o te wā, ka noho a Dasein i roto i te āhua o te "āhua o ia rā." I roto i tēnei āhua, ka rumakina te tangata ki roto i tā Heidegger i kī ai ko te "Das Man"—he maha ngā wā ka whakamaoritia ko "rātou" ko "ngā tāngata whānui rānei." Ko "Rātou" he āhua noho kore ingoa pāpori: ngā huarahi kōrero noa, ngā whakaaro rongonui, ngā paerewa angitu kua whakaaetia, te tikanga o te tautuhi ki ētahi atu. I konei, kāore te tangata e tino whakatau hohonu ana, engari e whai ana i "te āhua e tika ana."
E kīia ana tēnei āhuatanga e Heidegger he "kore pono", ehara i te mea i roto i te tikanga matatika (kaua e whakapoauau ki te tinihanga), engari i roto i te tikanga o te oranga: kāore anō kia riro i te tangata te mana whakahaere o tō rātou oranga hei mea nō rātou ake. Ina haere noa te ora i te ia, ka neke atu te tangata i ngā pātai matua mō te tikanga o ō rātou oranga , ō rātou herenga, me ō rātou āheinga ahurei.
Te manukanuka, te whakarērea, me te āheinga ki te noho ko koe anō
Heoi, kāore a Heidegger i whakatau ko te tangata kei roto tonu i te kore pono. He wheako kei reira e whakakorikori ana i te mahi o ia rā, e akiaki ana i a Dasein ki te aro atu ki a ia anō. Ko tētahi o aua wheako ko te manukanuka (Angst), he maha ngā wā e whakamaoritia ana ko te "manukanuka" i roto i te tikanga oranga. Kāore i rite ki te wehi (Furcht), he mea motuhake tōna (hei tauira, te wehi i ngā kurī), kāore he mea mārama o te manukanuka; he āhua noho tēnei ina he ao e mōhiotia ana i te nuinga o te wā ka "koretake" te ahua, ka "koretake" rānei. I roto i te manukanuka, ka mōhio te tangata kāore te tautoko pāpori, ngā mahi rānei e whakarato i te taurangi o te tikanga tino.
E whakaatu ana te manukanuka i te meka he tangata "maka" a Dasein (Geworfenheit): kāore tātou e whiriwhiri ko tēhea whānau, ahurea, wā, tinana rānei e whānau mai ai tātou. Heoi anō, he tangata "kaupapa" a Dasein (Entwurf): kei te neke tonu tātou ki ngā mea ka taea, kei te whakamahere, kei te whiriwhiri, kei te hanga i ō tātou oranga. Ko te oranga tangata he huinga o te maka me te matapae—kei roto kē tātou i tētahi āhua, engari me noho tonu tātou hei mea.
Te noho-ki-te-mate me te pono
Ko te ariā rongonui rawa atu i roto i a Heidegger, ā, e maha ana te hē o te whakaaro, ko te "noho-ki-te-mate" (Sein-zum-Tode). Kāore a Heidegger e tautoko ana i te whakaaro pōuri, engari e tohu ana ko te mate te mea tino whaiaro, ā, he mea e kore e taea te karo. Kāore he tangata e taea te "whakakapi" i tō tātou mate; nō tātou ake. Mā te mōhio ki te mate ka mārama te tangata he iti noa te wā o te ao, nō reira, kāore e taea te whakaroa ake i ngā kōwhiringa o te ao.
Ina kite a Dasein i te mate hei mea e wātea tonu ana, ka taea e ia te ora pono ake: ehara i te whai noa i a "Rātou," engari ko te whakatau i ngā kaupapa matua o te ao i runga i te māramatanga he mutunga kore te ora. Ehara i te mea ko te noho mokemoke, ko te whakahē rānei i te hapori, engari ko te tango i te kawenga mō ngā kōwhiringa o te ao, te whakaae ki ngā herenga, me te noho tuwhera ki ngā mea tino whai tikanga.
Te wā hei pae tawhiti mō te tikanga o te oranga
Ki a Heidegger, ko te kī ki te mārama ki te Ao ko te wā. He wā te oranga o Dasein nā te mea ka neke tonu te tangata i waenga i te wā o mua (te maka: te tuku iho, te wheako, te āhuatanga), te wā o nāianei (te whai wāhi mahi ki te ao), me te wā kei te heke mai (ngā mea ka taea te matapae). Ka whakahē a Heidegger i te māramatanga o te wā hei raupapa noa iho o ngā "ināianei" e neke ana, pērā i te karaka. Ko te wā o te ao te huarahi e whakamārama ai te tangata i te ora mā te mahara, te whai wāhi, me te tumanako.
Nō reira, kāore e taea te mārama ki te oranga hei mea pumau. He hihiri te oranga: ka noho te tangata hei tangata anō i roto i te wā. Nō reira, ko te pātai mō te Oranga e pā ana ki te āhua o te "noho" o Dasein i roto i te wā—me pēhea tana whakamārama i tōna oranga, tana whiriwhiri, me tana tū atu ki ōna rohe.
Whakamutunga: te hiranga o te whakaaro a Heidegger
Ko te ariā o Heidegger mō te noho hei tangata e wero ana i ngā huarahi whakaaro tino whai kiko me te hangarau mō te tangata. E tono ana a Heidegger kia hoki tātou ki tētahi wheako taketake: kei roto tonu tātou i tētahi ao whai tikanga, me ētahi atu, me ngā herenga me ngā āheinga. Mā te tātari i a Dasein, te "Rātou," te manukanuka, te noho hei mate, me te wā, e whakaatu ana a Heidegger ko te mārama ki te noho hei tangata ehara i te mea he mahi hinengaro noa iho, engari he tono hoki kia ora ake me te whai kawenga.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te pātai a Heidegger—"he aha te tikanga o te Noho?"—ehara i te mea he ariā matatika noa iho , engari he mea anō hoki mō te wheako o te tangata i ō rātou ake oranga. Ehara te noho i te mea kei a tātou, engari he mea e ora nei tātou: he mahi kia noho tātou i roto i te ao e huri haere tonu ana.
