Te Tikanga o te Nihilism e ai ki a Nietzsche
Ko te Nihilism tētahi o ngā kupu matua rongonui i roto i te rapunga whakaaro a Friedrich Nietzsche. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka hē te whakamaoritanga o te kupu, arā, ko te "whakapono ki te kore mea," "he koretake te ora," "he whakaaetia tetahi mea nā te mea kāore he tikanga." Ki a Nietzsche, ehara te nihilism i te whakaaro pōuri whaiaro anake, engari he āhuatanga whānui ake i roto i te ahurea o te Hauāuru: he āhuatanga hītori e ngaro ai te mana here o ngā uara teitei kua roa e tautoko ana i te tikanga o te ora . Nō reira, ko te Nihilism he raruraru o te tikanga—ehara i te raruraru o te kare ā-roto anake.
Te Pūtake o te Raru: Te "Matenga o te Atua" me te Hinga o ngā Uara Matua
Hei mārama ki te nihilism a Nietzsche, me mārama tātou ki tana kīanga rongonui: "Kua mate te Atua." Ehara tēnei i te kōrero whakapono noa iho e kī ana kua mate te Atua. He tātaritanga ahurea tēnei: ko ngā whakapono matatika me ngā whakapono i roto i ngā rautau kua noho hei pūtake mō te matatika, te kaupapa, me te tikanga o te ao Uru kei te piki haere te kore whakapono. Nā te pūtaiao hou, te arotake hītori, te huringa pāpori, me te whanaketanga o te whakaaro tika, he maha ngā tāngata kua kore e tino whakapono ki ngā pūtake tawhito.
Ina hinga te "Atua" hei tohu matua mō te tikanga, ka hinga hoki ngā uara e whakawhirinaki ana ki a ia: te ariā o te pono tuturu, te matatika whānui, te kaupapa o te ao i whakaritea mai i "runga," me te whakapumautanga he tikanga nui rawa atu te mamae. Ki a Nietzsche, koinei te kuwaha ki te nihilism: kei te noho tonu tātou me ngā kāwai matatika tawhito, engari kua pakarukaru ngā turanga i tautoko i a rātou. Nō reira, kei te noho te tangata hou i roto i te āhua o te "waenganui": kāore i te tino whakapono ki ngā uara tawhito, engari kāore anō kia taea te waihanga i ngā uara hou.
Ko te Nihilism hei Tohu: Te Ngaro i te "He aha" o te Ao
I titiro a Nietzsche ki te nihilism hei āhuatanga e ngaro ai i te tangata te whakautu ki te pātai "he aha te take?" I tuhituhi ia ka puta te nihilism ina "ngaro te uara o ngā uara teitei." Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko ngā mea i whakaarohia he mea tino nui - te pono, te pai, te whakaoranga, te kaupapa matatika - kāore e whakarato i te hihiri oranga. Kei te haere tonu te tangata ki te noho i ā rātou mahi o ia rā, te whai i te mahi, te mana, te whakangahau, tae noa ki te matatika pāpori, engari kāore he whakapono hohonu he tino whai hua ēnei mea.
Koinei te wāhi e kore ai te nihilism e noho hei ariā noa iho, engari hei wheako tūturu: he kare ā-roto o te koretake, te hoha, te whakahawea, te whakaaro rānei kāore he tikanga o ngā whakatutukitanga katoa. Engari kāore a Nietzsche e mutu ki te taha hinengaro. E whakanui ana ia i te taha ahurea: ka taea e te nihilism te whakaatu i a ia anō i roto i te toi, te tōrangapū, te pūtaiao, me te tirohanga a te hapori ki te tangata. Hei tauira, ina whakaitihia te ora hei tikanga koiora noa iho, ina huri rānei te matatika hei ture kore wairua, kore wairua, ka kite tātou i ngā tohu o te nihilism.
Nihilism Āhuakore me te Nihilism Kaha
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Nietzsche ko te wehewehe i ngā iahiko e rua o te nihilism: te tūpato me te kaha.
Ko te nihilism kore mahi he wairua tuku iho. Ina hinga ngā uara tawhito, ka taka te tangata ki te ngenge wairua: "Kāore he painga," "He rite tonu," "He pai ake te kore tumanako." Ko te nihilism kore mahi he rapu mawhiti: he whakamarie, he whakangahau, he tikanga ngāwari, he whakamarie rānei. He tata ki te ngenge, te kore aro, me te hiahia ki te whakaiti i te kaha o te ao. I tōna āhua tino nui, ka taea e te nihilism kore mahi te whakatata atu ki te hiahia ki te "ngaro" atu i te pakanga o te ao.
Ko te nihilism hohe, i tētahi atu taha, he pūngao whakangaro e whakatuwhera ana i ngā huarahi hou. E mōhio ana kāore ngā uara tawhito e ranea ana, ā, e "whakakore" ana i ngā whakaaro pohehe e tapu ana. Ehara te nihilism hohe i te mauahara noa ki te ora, engari he whakamātautau, he wero, he "whakangaro" hoki i ngā uara kia taea ai e te tangata te hanga anō. I tēnei tikanga, ko te nihilism hohe he wāhanga whakawhiti: he āhua morearea, engari he mea tika hoki mō te whakahoutanga.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia: Kāore a Nietzsche i whakanui i te nihilism. I kite ia he raruraru nui tēnei hei wikitoria, ehara i te mutunga iho.
He aha te Matatika Tuku Iho i waiho ai hei Pūtake o te Nihilism?
I tautohe a Nietzsche ko te nihilism o te Hauāuru i ahu mai i mua noa atu i te ao hou, arā, i roto i ngā tikanga matatika me ngā tikanga matatika e whakanoho ana i te "ao tūturu" ki runga ake i "tēnei ao." He maha ngā pūnaha whakaaro me ngā pūnaha whakapono—e ai ki te pānui a Nietzsche—e whakaako ana ko te oranga o ia rā he atarangi noa iho, he whakamātautau, he mea iti iho rānei; kei tua atu i te ao te tikanga pono: kei te rangi, kei ngā whakaaro mutunga kore, kei te pono whānui rānei.
Ki a Nietzsche, ko tēnei momo whakaaro ka puta ai ngā purapura o te nihilism nā te mea ka whakaiti i te uara o te ora tūturu. Ina akona te tangata ko te uara teitei ko tētahi mea kei tua atu i te ao, ka kiia tēnei ao kāore e ranea. Ā, ina hinga te whakapono ki tētahi ao tua atu, ko "tēnei ao" anake te mea e toe ana—engari kua ako kē tātou ki te whakaiti i tōna uara. Nō reira, ka ngaro te pūtake o te tikanga o te tangata: ka ngaro te ao tua atu, engari ka ngoikore hoki te kaha ki te aroha ki tēnei ao. Koinei te take ka tino hohonu te nihilism.
I whakahē anō hoki a Nietzsche i te matatika i whakapono ia i ahu mai i te "whakakahoretanga o te ora," pērā i te matatika e whakanui ana i te ngoikore, te hara, te tino ngohengohe rānei. Ki tana titiro, ahakoa te āhua "rangatira" o tēnei momo matatika, ka taea te whakaiti i te ora o te tangata me te maia ki te whakaū i te ora.
Te wikitoria i te Nihilism: Te waihanga i ngā uara hou
Mena ko te nihilism te hinganga o ngā uara, ko te mawhiti atu i aua uara ehara i te mea he hokinga noa ki ngā tino pono o mua. Engari, e akiaki ana a Nietzsche i te tangata ki te waihanga uara hou—ngā uara kāore e whakawhirinaki ki tētahi ao whānui engari e puta ake ana i te whakaū o te ora tonu.
I konei ka puta te kaupapa matua a Nietzsche: te Übermensch (he maha ngā wā ka whakamaoritia ko "superman" "superman" rānei, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka hē te whakamaoritanga nei). Ehara te Übermensch i te tangata pakiwaitara kaha tinana anake, engari he tohu o te tangata e kaha ana ki te whiti i te raruraru o te nihilism mā te waihanga tikanga. Kāore ia e tatari ki ngā whakahau o waho—mai i te Atua, i te tikanga tuku iho, i tētahi pūnaha matatika āhua- kore rānei —engari ka riro i a ia te kawenga o te noho hei "kaituku uara."
Ko tētahi atu ariā nui ko te hiahia ki te mana. Ehara i te mea ko te hiahia noa ki te whakahaere i ētahi atu, engari ko te kaha taketake o te ora ki te tipu, ki te whakamārama, ki te hanga, me te wikitoria i ngā arai. I roto i tēnei anga, ko te neke atu i te nihilism ko te tuku i te mana auaha o te ora ki te mahi: te waihanga, te aromatawai, te whakamātautau, me te hanga i tētahi momo noho kaha ake.
Te Whakamātautau Tino Pai: Amor Fati me "Te Hokinga Mai o te Ao Mutunga Kore"
I tukuna anō e Nietzsche tētahi huarahi tino matatau hei whakamātautau i te tawhiti kua hinga i te nihilism te tangata: amor fati—te aroha ki te aituā. Ehara tēnei i te whakaae, engari he waiaro whakaae: te kaha ki te kī "āe" ki te ao, tae atu ki te mamae, te korenga, me te hapa, hei wāhanga o te katoa e whiriwhiria ana e tātou ki te whakaae.
E pā ana ki tēnei ko te whakaaro o te hokinga mai tonu: whakaarohia tō oranga, me ōna taipitopito katoa, me te whakahoki tonu i a ia anō. Ka whakahē koe i a ia, ka awhi rānei koe i a ia? Ki a Nietzsche, ko te kaha ki te whakaū i te oranga i roto i tēnei momo huarahi te mea tino kaha ki te whakahē i te nihilism. Mena ka mea te nihilism "kāore e tika ana te ora mō te oranga," ko te whakaū a Nietzsche e mea ana "he tika te ora mō te oranga—ahakoa me whakahoki tonu ake ake."
Whakamutunga
E ai ki a Nietzsche, ko te nihilism he raruraru uara me te tikanga e puta ake ana ina ngaro te mana o ngā turanga matatika me ngā turanga whakapono. Ehara te nihilism i te whakaaro takitahi mō te kore noa iho, engari he āhuatanga ahurea whānui: "ka ngaro te uara o ngā uara teitei." E wehewehe ana a Nietzsche i waenga i te nihilism ngoikore, korekore me te nihilism hohe ka taea te mahi hei piriti ki te whakahoutanga. E kite ana ia i ngā pakiaka o te nihilism i roto i tētahi tikanga e whakaiti ana i te uara o tēnei ao hei painga mō tētahi atu, kia kore ai tēnei ao e noho noa iho ina hinga te "ao kē atu".
Engari ehara a Nietzsche i te poropiti o te ngakaukore. He tohunga tātaritanga pakari ia, he tangata whakaaro hoki i whai kia panaia te tangata ki tua atu i te nihilism. Ko te huarahi ki waho ko te waihanga i ngā uara hou, te whakaū i te ora, te maia ki te tango i te kawenga mō te tikanga, me te kaha ki te kī "āe" ki te ora—i tōna katoa. I roto i taua tikanga, he tupuhi whakamataku te nihilism ki a Nietzsche, engari he whai wāhitanga anō hoki: i te hinganga o ngā uara tawhito, ka werohia te tangata kia noho hei kaihanga, kaua hei uri tuku iho.
