Te Awe o René Descartes ki te Rapunga Whakaaro o ēnei Rā
Ko René Descartes (1596–1650) tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro. E mōhiotia ana ko ia te Matua o te Rapunga Whakaaro Hou, i tīmata a Descartes i tētahi hurihanga i roto i te whakaaro i tino whakarerekē i te huarahi o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru. Nā roto i āna mahi, i awe a Descartes ehara i te mea ko te rapunga whakaaro anake engari ko te pūtaiao me te pāngarau hoki. Kua riro te whakaaro o Descartes hei tūāpapa kore e taea te whakakapi e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga hinengaro i roto i te ao hou. Kei raro nei, ka tirohia e tātou te pānga nui o ngā whakaaro me ngā mahi a Descartes ki te ao o te rapunga whakaaro hou.
1. He Kupu Whakataki ki te Whakaaro a Descartes
Hei mārama ki te awe o Descartes ki te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā, me arotake e tātou ētahi ariā matua o ana whakaaro. E mōhiotia ana a Descartes mō tana whakahē, mō tana tikanga ruarua, me tana whakaaro takirua hinengaro-tinana. He paionia anō hoki ia i roto i te whakaaro whaitake, i whakanui i te mea ka taea te whiwhi mātauranga tika mā te whakaaro nui me te arorau, ehara i te mea mā te wheako ā-kanohi anake.
2. Te Tikanga o te Ruarua me te "Cogito, ergo sum"
Ko tētahi huarahi i waiho ai e Descartes he tohu pumau ki te rapunga whakaaro ko tana tikanga ruarua. I a ia e rapu ana i te pono, i whakatau a Descartes ki te ruarua i ngā mea katoa e taea te ruarua, me te whakaaro ko te mea tino pono anake e tika ana kia whakaponohia.
Nā tēnei tukanga i ārahi ia ki tana whakatau rongonui, "Cogito, ergo sum," arā, "Kei te whakaaro ahau, nō reira ko ahau." Koinei te tīmatanga o te whakaaro hou nā te mea e kī ana ko te noho o te tangata hei kaupapa whakaaro te tuatahi, te pono tuturu, kāore e ruarua. Nā tēnei tikanga ruarua i taea ai e Descartes te wehewehe i a ia anō i ngā tohunga whakaaro o ngā wā o waenganui, me te whakatūwhera i tētahi wā hou i roto i te rapunga whakaaro.
3. Te whakaaro whaitake a Descartes
Ko Descartes tētahi o ngā kaiwhakaū o te whakaaro whānui, arā, ko te whakaaro te pūtake matua me te whakamātautau pai rawa atu mō te mātauranga. He rerekē ki te whakaaro whānui, e aro nui ana ki ngā wheako ā-pārongo, e kī ana te whakaaro whānui a Descartes he āheinga ā-roto tō te hinengaro tangata ki te whiwhi mātauranga me te kore e uru tika mai ngā wheako ā-pārongo.
I roto i tana mahi rongonui, "Meditationes de prima philosophia," ko "Ngā Whakaaroaro mō te Rapunga Whakaaro Tuatahi" rānei, i whakanuia te hiranga o te māramatanga hinengaro me te whakatau whakaaro. I whakaurua e ia te ariā o "ngā whakaaro ā-roto" kei roto i te hinengaro tangata mai i te whānautanga, ā, i whakanuia ko te mātauranga pāngarau me te arorau he tauira tino pai o ngā pono i whiwhihia mā te whakaaro whaitake.
4. Te Takirua o te Hinengaro-Tinana
Ko te ariā takirua a René Descartes mō te hinengaro me te tinana kua noho hei tētahi o ngā tūāpapa matua o te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā. Ki tā Descartes titiro, he rerekētanga nui kei waenganui i te hinengaro (res cogitans) me te mea, te tinana rānei (res extensa). He matū whakaaro te hinengaro, kāore i te wāhi tūturu, ko te tinana ia he matū tūturu e whai ana i ngā ture o te ahupūngao.
Nā te whakaaro takirua a Descartes i ara ake ai tētahi tautohetohe hohonu mō te taunekeneke a te hinengaro me te tinana. Ahakoa he tokomaha kua whakahē i tēnei ariā, kua whakatakotohia e te ariā o te whakaaro takirua te ara mō ngā whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro o te hinengaro, te hinengaro, me te pūtaiao roro. Kāore e kore, kua awe āna takoha i te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te kaupapa tangata me tōna whanaungatanga ki te ao rauemi.
5. Te awe ki te Pūtaiao me te Pāngarau
Kāore i te herea noa te awe o Descartes ki te rapunga whakaaro; i kitea anō hoki āna takoha ki te pūtaiao me te pāngarau. Nā Descartes i whakauru te pūnaha taunga Cartesian, i whakakotahi i te āhuahanga me te arapūrei; he taahiraa matua tēnei i roto i te whanaketanga o te tātaitai me te pāngarau o ēnei rā.
I tua atu, he mahi nui tā Descartes i roto i te whanaketanga o te tikanga pūtaiao. I kī ia me ahu mai te rangahau pūtaiao i te tirotiro me te whakamātautau pūnaha, ā, me whai tikanga hoki. Nā tēnei huarahi i hanga te pūtake mō te tikanga pūtaiao hou, i muri mai ka rongonuihia e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Isaac Newton.
6. Te Arotake me te Aromatawai Anō
Ahakoa e whakanuia ana a Descartes hei paionia i roto i ngā mara maha, kāore i kore te whakahē i ana whakaaro. Ko ētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro, inā koa ko ngā tohunga whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana i roto i te ao tūroa pērā i a John Locke rāua ko David Hume, i whakahē i te tirohanga a Descartes mō ngā whakaaro ā-roto, ā, i whakanui i te pūtake mai o ngā mātauranga katoa i te wheako.
I tēnei wā, kua arotakehia anō te whakaaro takirua a Descartes i roto i te horopaki o te rapunga whakaaro o te hinengaro. Nā te pūtaiao hou, me ōna whanaketanga ki te mārama ki te roro, kua ara ake ngā pātai mō te tika o te wehenga hinengaro-tinana. Ahakoa rā, ko te tapanga "Matua o te Rapunga Whakaaro Hou" i tapaina ki a Descartes e whakaatu ana i tētahi awe nui e whai tikanga tonu ana, e tautohetia ana hoki tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
7. Te Taonga Tuku Iho o Descartes
He whānui, he hōhonu hoki te taonga tuku iho a René Descartes i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā. Ko ōna whakaaro mō te tikanga whakahē, te takirua o te hinengaro me te tinana, me te whakaaro whaitake kua noho hei kaupapa matua mō ngā manga maha o te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao. Nāna i whakaoho te tautohetohe me te whakaaro arohaehae e tohu ana i te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā.
Kāore i te mea i whakarerekē noa a Descartes i te huarahi e whakaaro ai tātou ki te mātauranga me te oranga, engari i whakaratohia hoki e ia he tauira tikanga e whakaoho tonu ana i ngā kairangahau me ngā tohunga whakaaro ki te rapu i te pono i roto i te huarahi pakari me te pūnaha. Ahakoa ngā whakahē me ngā whakatikatika katoa ki tana whakaaro, kei te noho tonu a René Descartes hei pou nui i roto i te hītori hinengaro o te ao.
Whakamutunga
He tangata matua a René Descartes i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro, ā, he nui āna takoha ki te whanaketanga o te rapunga whakaaro hou. Nā tana tikanga whakahē, te takirua o te hinengaro me te tinana, me tana tūnga ki te whakaaro whaitake, i whakatakoto a Descartes i ngā ara hou mō te whakaaro hinengaro e whakaohooho tonu ana i ēnei rā. Kua awe tōna taonga tuku iho i te rapunga whakaaro hou, tae atu ki te pūtaiao me te pāngarau, e whakaatu ana i te hohonu me te whānui o āna mahi. Ka noho tonu a Descartes, me ōna uauatanga me āna takoha katoa, hei kaupapa ako me te whakaaroaro i roto i te rapunga ki te mārama ki te mauri o te tangata me te ao e noho nei tātou.
