Te Arotakenga Wahine mō te Rapunga Whakaaro
He maha ngā wā ka māramahia te rapunga whakaaro hei mahi a te tangata ki te rapu i ngā pono whānui: he aha te mātauranga, te matatika, te tika, me te āhua o te tangata. Heoi, ko te kaupapa wahine—hei kaupapa hinengaro me te tōrangapū e whakaatu ana i ngā whanaungatanga mana i runga i te ira tangata—ka ara ake he pātai nui: he kaupapa whānui mō wai? Ko ngā arotake a te hunga wahine i te rapunga whakaaro e kore e whakapae noa i ngā "tohunga whakaaro tāne" o mua, engari ka tirohia me pēhea te pupuri a ngā tikanga whakaaro, ngā tikanga whakaaro, me ngā ariā matua i te whakaaro whakahāwea ira tangata, te kore aro ki ngā wheako o ngā wāhine, me te whakataurite i ngā taumata hapori. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o ngā arotake a te hunga wahine i te rapunga whakaaro, ngā tauira mai i te hītori o te whakaaro, me ngā takoha a te hunga wahine ki te whakawhānui ake i ngā tirohanga whānui o te rapunga whakaaro.
1. Ngā kereme "ao whānui" me te kaupapa tāne huna
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua mō te kaupapa wahine ko te kī a te rapunga whakaaro tawhito he "tangata" whānui, engari ko ngā kaupapa e whakaarohia ana ko ngā tāne, inā koa ko ngā tāne kua pakeke, kua mātau, ā, kei roto i tētahi tūranga pāpori motuhake. Ina kōrero te rapunga whakaaro mō te whakaaro nui, te mana motuhake, te ngākau pai, te tūnga tangata whenua rānei, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ōna whakamāramatanga mai i ngā wheako me ngā paerewa oranga o ngā tāne, ko ngā wheako o ngā wāhine ia e kiia ana he mea hē, he mea iti ake te tūmataiti o te whakaaro.
Hei tauira, ko te wehewehenga i waenga i ngā ao tūmatanui me ngā ao tūmataiti i roto i te ariā tōrangapū tawhito e anga ana ki te whakanoho i ngā take ā-whare, te manaaki, me te mahi whānau ki waho o te ao "tōrangapū" me te "tika." Heoi, e kī ana te mana wahine ko te mea e kiia nei ko te ao tūmataiti te turanga pāpori e whakatau ana ko wai ka taea te noho hei tangata whenua katoa, ko wai ka whai wā ki te whai wāhi ki te tōrangapū, ā, ko wai ka taumaha ki te mahi kāore e kitea.
2. Te takirua: te hinengaro me te tinana, te ahurea me te taiao
E arotake ana hoki te kaupapa wahine i te ia o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru—ina koa mai i a Plato ki te ao hou—ki te hanga i ngā whakaaro takirua: te hinengaro me te tinana, te whakaaro me te kare ā-roto, te whāinga me te kaupapa takitahi, te ahurea me te taiao. I roto i te maha o ngā kōrero tuku iho, e hono ana te hinengaro ki te hunga teitei me te rangatira, ko te tinana me ngā kare ā-roto ia e kiia ana he iti iho. Ko te raruraru, he maha ngā wā ka hono te hītori pāpori i ngā wāhine ki te tinana, ki te taiao, ki ngā kare ā-roto, me te whānautanga, ko ngā tāne ia e hono ana ki te whakaaro, ki te ahurea, me te kaiārahi tūmatanui.
Nō reira, ehara tēnei whakaaro takirua i te mea he ariā noa iho, engari e whai wāhi ana hoki ki te whakamanatanga tohu o te ngohengohe o ngā wāhine: ki te mea "ko ngā wāhine = tinana/kare ā-roto" me "ko ngā tāne = whakaaro," kāti te āhua nei he "tika" te mana o ngā tāne i roto i te ahurea. E whai ana te arotake a te hunga wāhine ki te whakakore i tēnei kaupapa whakarōpū mā te whakaatu ehara ngā kare ā-roto i te ritenga kē o te whakaaro tika, ehara te tinana i te arai ki te mātauranga, ā, ko te wheako tinana ka taea te noho hei puna tika mō te whakaaroaro whakaaro.
3. Te mātauranga wahine: ehara te mātauranga i te mea kūpapa
I roto i te epistemology (te ariā o te mātauranga), ka werohia e te feminism te whakaaro ka taea e te mātauranga te noho kūpapa, te kore uara, me te tū mai i tētahi "tirohanga mai i te kore noa iho." He maha ngā kaiwhakahē i ngā wāhine e tautohe ana ko wai e whakahaere ana i te rangahau, mai i tēhea tūranga pāpori, me ēhea pānga ka awe i ngā mea e kiia ana he meka, he take, me ngā tikanga tika.
Koinei te wāhi e puta ai ngā whakaaro nui pēnei i te ariā tirohanga, e kī ana he painga mātauranga pea tō ngā rōpū e tukinotia ana ki te kite i ngā hanganga o te hē e kore e kitea e ngā rōpū rangatira. Ehara i te mea nā te mea he "tika tonu" ngā wāhine, engari nā te mea ka taea e ō rātou wheako me ō rātou tūranga pāpori te whakatuwhera i te urunga atu ki ngā āhuatanga o te ao kua warewarehia.
Ka arotakehia hoki e te kaupapa wahine te "whakaaro tūroa" e huna ana i te whakaaro pātire. Hei tauira, ko te rangahau hauora tuku iho e aro ana ki te tinana tāne hei paerewa, kātahi ka whakawhanuitia tēnei ki ngā tāngata katoa. I roto i te horopaki rapunga whakaaro, ka puta he whakaaro ōrite ina hangaia ngā tauira, ngā māramatanga matatika, me ngā tauira o te kaupapa whakaaro nui mai i ngā āhuatanga o te noho a ngā tāne, i te mea ka whakaitihia te ngoikore, te whakawhirinaki, me ngā whanaungatanga manaaki.
4. Arotake i te ariā matatika: mai i te mana motuhake ki te whanaungatanga
I roto i ngā tikanga matatika o ēnei rā, inā koa i roto i ngā tikanga Kantian me ngā tikanga rīperare, he mea nui te mana motuhake o te tangata takitahi: ko te tangata matatika he tangata e kaha ana ki te whiriwhiri whakaaro nui me te motuhake. E kī ana te kaupapa wahine ka taea e tēnei whakaaro te huna i te meka e whakawhirinaki tonu ana te oranga o te tangata ki ngā whanaungatanga: i whānau mai tātou me te whakawhirinaki, i whakatipuria mā te manaaki, ā, e noho ana i roto i te hiahia tahi puta noa i te oranga.
Mai i tēnei arotake i whakawhanakehia ai he matatika o te manaaki, e aro nui ana ki ngā whanaungatanga, ki ngā kawenga tūturu, me te horopaki o te wheako. Kāore te matatika o te manaaki e whakakore i te tika, engari e whakamahara ana i a tātou ehara i te mea ko ngā ture whānui anake te matatika, engari ko te manaaki, te aro ki ngā matea, me te mōhio ki te ngoikore hei āhuatanga tangata. E whakaaro ana te Wāhinetanga kia whakauruhia te wheako o te manaaki, te mahi manaaki, me ngā kare ā-roto hei wāhanga nui o te whakaaroaro matatika, kaua ko ngā āwangawanga ā-whare "kore matatika".
5. Arotake i te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū: ko wai ka kiia he tangata whenua?
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro tōrangapū, ka pātai te kaupapa wahine i ngā ariā tawhito mō te kirimana pāpori, te herekoretanga, me te tūnga tangata whenua. He maha ngā ariā kirimana e kī ana ko te hapori he mea hanga e ngā tāngata takitahi, ōrite, ā, ka whakaae rātou ki te hanga i tētahi kāwanatanga. Heoi, e kī ana ngā kaitōrangapū wahine i roto i te hītori tūturu, he maha ngā wā ka taka ngā wāhine ki te whakamāramatanga o tētahi "takitahi" tino herekore. Ka herea te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, ka herea ngā mana whenua, ā, ko ō rātou tinana me te whānautanga ka whakahaeretia e ngā tikanga me ngā ture.
Ka whakawhānuihia hoki e te kaupapa wahine te tātaritanga tōrangapū ki te whānau, te tutu ā-whare, te mana whakahaere i te whānautanga, me te wehewehenga o ngā mahi ā-whare. Ko te pepeha "ko te whaiaro he tōrangapū" e kī ana ehara te kāinga i te wāhi kūpapa; ko ngā whanaungatanga mana i roto i a ia ka awe i te tohatoha o ngā whai wāhitanga i roto i te hapori. Nō reira, ko te ariā o te tika e kore e aro ki te mahi ā-whare, te manaaki, me te tutu i runga i te ira tangata ka kiia he kore oti.
6. Te kaupapa matua o te rapunga whakaaro me te mukunga o te hītori hinengaro o ngā wāhine
Ko te arotake wahine hoki e aro ana ki te hanganga o te kaupapa matatika: te rārangi o ngā kaitātari "nui" e whakaakona ana, e whakahuatia ana, e whakaarohia ana hei hanga i te ahunga o te kaupapa. I roto i te hītori, he maha ngā wāhine—ahakoa te whakaputa mahi nui—kāore i te mohiotia he ōrite, kāore ā rātou mahi i whakaputaina whānuitia, kua warewarehia rānei rātou. Nō reira, ko te hītori o te matatika te āhua nei he hītori o ngā whakaaro o ngā tāne, me te mea kāore ngā wāhine i whakaaro matatika.
E whai ana te kaupapa wahine ki te whakahou i tēnei hītori mā te hura anō i ngā mahi a ngā tohunga whakaaro wāhine, me te arotake i ngā tikanga whakahaere e whakatau ana i te tikanga rapunga whakaaro "tino". Ehara i te mea ko "ko wai ka uru ki ngā pukapuka ako," engari ko "he aha ngā paerewa e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i tētahi mahi he mahi rapunga whakaaro?" Mēnā ka hangaia aua paerewa e ngā tikanga tuku iho e kore e whakaurua ngā wheako o ngā wāhine, ka haere tonu te kore whakaurua.
7. Te reo, ngā ariā, me te mana
He maha ngā kaiwhakatairanga i ngā wāhine—ina koa ko te hunga i awehia e te ariā arohaehae me te hanganga-muri—e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te reo me ngā ariā rapunga whakaaro e hanga ana i te ao pāpori. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te "whakaaro nui," "taiao," "noa," "taiao" rānei ehara i te mea he whakaahuatanga kore noa iho; ka taea e rātou te noho hei taputapu hei whakamārama i te kore taurite. Hei tauira, ko te kereme he "taiao" ētahi tūranga ira tangata e whakamahia ana hei ātete i te huringa pāpori, ahakoa ko te mea e kiia ana he taiao he hua o te hanganga ahurea roa.
E hiahia ana te kaupapa wahine ki tētahi huarahi aro nui ake ki te rapunga whakaaro e pā ana ki te whakahaeretanga o te mana i roto i ngā ariā āhua tūroa. Mā te tātari i te kōrero, e whakaatu ana te kaupapa wahine ehara i te mea ko te ariā anake te whakaahua i te ao engari ka āwhina hoki ki te hanga i ngā mea e kiia ana he taea, he tika hoki.
8. Te takoha a te kaupapa wahine: te whakawhānui i te rapunga whakaaro, kaua te whakangaro
He mea nui kia mōhiotia: ko ngā arotake a te wahine i te rapunga whakaaro ehara i te mea ko te whakakore i te rapunga whakaaro tonu. Engari, he maha ngā wā ka rapu te wahine i te whakaora i ngā kaupapa rapunga whakaaro mai i ngā kereme whānui whaiti. Mā te whakauru i ngā wheako o ngā wāhine, ngā whanaungatanga manaaki, ngā tinana, ngā kare ā-roto, me ngā hanganga pāpori, ka whakarei ake te wahine i te rapunga whakaaro kia nui ake ai te pono o te oranga tangata.
Ka akiakihia hoki e te kaupapa wahine tētahi tikanga whakaaroaro whakaaroaro: te mōhio ki te tūranga o te kaituhi, te tirotiro i ngā whakaaro tuku iho, me te whakatuwhera i ngā kōrero puta noa i ngā wheako. Ko te hua ehara i te "whakaaro mō ngā wāhine anake," engari he rapunga whakaaro kawenga ake, te mōhio kei te whānau tonu ngā ariā i roto i tētahi horopaki pāpori motuhake.
Whakamutunga
E whakaatu ana ngā arotakenga a te hunga wāhine i te rapunga whakaaro he maha ngā ariā e kiia ana he koretake—te kaupapa whānui, te whakaaro whaitake, te mana motuhake, te wehewehenga tūmatanui-tūmataiti, tae atu ki ngā paerewa o te koretake—he maha ngā wā ka mau te whakaaro pākiki ira tangata, ka mau tonu te hē. Ka wero te hunga wāhine i te rapunga whakaaro kia arotakehia anō ōna pūtake: ko wai e kōrero ana, ko wai e rangona ana, ā, ko wai ngā wheako e kiia ana he mea nui. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te hunga wāhine anake e arotake ana engari e tuku ana hoki i tētahi ara ki te whakahoutanga: he rapunga whakaaro e whānui ake ana, e aro nui ake ana ki ngā whanaungatanga mana, ā, e pono ake ana ki ngā uauatanga o te oranga tangata.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te tāpiri i tētahi rārangi o ngā tino tangata whai pānga ki te kaupapa mana wahine (hei tauira, a Simone de Beauvoir, a Judith Butler, a bell hooks, a Nancy Fraser, a Carol Gilligan, a Sandra Harding rānei) me tētahi whakarāpopototanga o ō rātou whakaaro hei whakaoti i tēnei tuhinga.
