Te Mārama ki te Solipsism i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro
Pendahuluan
Ko te solipsism he tirohanga rapunga whakaaro e kī ana ko te hinengaro, ko ia anake te tangata ka mōhiotia me te tino noho. I roto i tōna āhua whānui, e kī ana te solipsism he mea koretake te ao o waho me ngā hinengaro o ētahi atu, kāore pea i te noho. Kua puta he tautohetohe me he tautohetohe nui i roto i ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru me te Rawhiti, nā te mea e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o te ao me te oranga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he matapaki i te tikanga o te solipsism, me pēhea tōna whanaketanga, ngā tautohetohe tautoko me ngā tautohetohe whakahē, me tōna pānga ki te rapunga whakaaro o nāianei.
Hītori me te Papamuri
Nō te kupu Latina "solus" te kupu "solipsism," ko tōna tikanga "anake," me te kupu "ipse," ko tōna tikanga "whaiaro." Tērā pea nō nā tata nei te kupu nei i rongonui ai i roto i ngā kōrero rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā, engari kei te kitea anō ngā whakaaro ōrite i roto i ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga whakaaro o mua.
Whakaaro Tawhito
I Kariki Tawhito , ka kitea ngā whakaaro e rite ana ki te solipsism i roto i ngā ngana a ngā tohunga whakaaro ki te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakaaro me te mooni. Hei tauira, i whakaurua e Plato, i roto i tana mahi "The Republic," te ariā o tētahi ao tino pai e wehe ana i te ao rauemi e mōhiotia ana e tātou. Heoi, kāore anō kia puta te ariā motuhake o te solipsism hei tirohanga tino pakari, tino nui hoki i tēnei wā.
Te Rapunga Whakaaro Hou
I tīmata te kaupapa whakapono kotahi-whakaaro i te aranga ake o te rapunga whakaaro hou, inā koa i muri i ngā mahi a René Descartes i te rautau 17. I roto i tana pukapuka "Meditations on First Philosophy," i whakamahia e Descartes te tikanga o te ruarua nui hei whakatutuki i te tino pono. I kitea e ia ko te pono anake e kore e taea te whakakore ko te noho o te whakaaro "Au" - "Cogito, ergo sum" me te "Kei te whakaaro ahau, nō reira ko ahau." Ahakoa kāore a Descartes i mutu ki te whakapono kotahi-whakaaro, ko tana tikanga ruarua i whakatakoto i te ara mō tēnei huarahi.
Te Whakapono me te Whakaaro Pai
I ngā rautau 18 me 19, i whai wāhi ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a George Berkeley , me Immanuel Kant, i ngā tautohetohe mō te solipsism mā roto i ā rātou ariā mō te tirohanga me te mooni. I whakatairanga a Berkeley i te whakaaro ko te noho o ngā mea ā-tinana he hua noa iho o te tirohanga takitahi. Ki a Berkeley, "esse est percipi"—"ko te mea e kitea ana koia te mea e ora ana." Ahakoa he iti ake te mārama i te solipsism, e whakaatu ana tēnei tirohanga me pēhea te pātai i te mooni o waho i roto i te horopaki o te tirohanga takitahi.
I tētahi atu taha, i kī a Kant kāore e taea e tātou te mōhio ki te "Ding an sich" (te mea i roto i a ia anō); mā te whakaatu i ō tātou kāwai hinengaro anake ka taea e tātou te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei tirohanga ngā kereme tino pono o te solipsism, engari ka whakanoho tonu i te kaupapa ki waenganui o te wheako.
Ngā tautohe i roto i te Solipsism
Ngā tautohe ngaio:
1. Te Whakapono Whakahē: I te taumata whakapono whakahē, e whakaatu ana te solipsism i ngā herenga o ō tātou mōhiotanga e pā ana ki te noho o ngā mea o waho me ētahi atu mea ora. Ko ō tātou mōhiotanga katoa e ahu mai ana i tētahi ara whakaaro whaiaro—ko ō tātou hinengaro ake. Nō reira, he mea maori te ruarua i te noho o tētahi mea i tua atu i ēnei mea whaiaro.
2. Ngā Hapa Tirohanga: Ko te mea ka taea e ā tātou tirohanga te teka (hei tauira, mā roto i ngā mānukanuka, i ngā moemoeā rānei) e tautoko ana i te tautohe mō te solipsism. Mena kāore ngā tirohanga e pono i ngā wā katoa, kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi mea e kitea ana hei tino pono mō tōna noho.
Ngā tautohe whakahē:
1. Te whanaungatanga takitahi: Ko tētahi o ngā tautohe matua mō te solipsism ko te taunakitanga o te noho o ētahi atu e taea ana te kōrero me te whakapuaki i ngā wheako ōrite. Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi kōrero whai tikanga, ka kitea he rite ngā whakaaro me ngā kare ā-roto o ētahi atu ki a rātou anō.
2. Te Whaihua me te Whaihua: I roto i ngā mahi o ia rā, kāore te solipsism e whakarato i tētahi huarahi whai hua ki te whakamārama i ngā taunekeneke pāpori me ngā āhuatanga taiao. Kua whakaatuhia te whai hua me te whai hua o te whakaaro he tūturu ētahi atu tāngata me te ao o waho ki te mārama me te taunekeneke ki te ao.
Te Pānga i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro o Nāianei
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā, ahakoa he tautohenga tonu te solipsism, ā, kāore i te nuinga o te wā ka whakaaetia, he maha tonu ōna pānga nui.
Te Rapunga Whakaaro me te Reo Tātari
Ka whakamātauhia te solipsism i roto i ngā kōrero hou mō te reo me te whakaaturanga. I roto i tana pukapuka "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", i rangahau a Ludwig Wittgenstein , he tohunga whakaaro rongonui o te rautau 20, me pēhea te whakaatu a te reo i ngā rohe o te māramatanga o te kaupapa. I roto i tana mahi i muri mai, "Philosophical Investigations", i whakaatu ia me pēhea te whakaatu a te reo i ngā āhuatanga pāpori o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te mea nei he wero i te solipsism parakore.
Te Ahurea me te Oranga
Ko ngā tirohanga o te phenomenology me te existentialism, e tautokona ana e ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Edmund Husserl , Martin Heidegger, me Jean-Paul Sartre, e tuku ana hoki i tētahi whakautu ki te raruraru o te solipsism. I whiriwhiria e rātou te rangahau i te hanganga o te wheako hinengaro me te whakanui i te noho o te "tangata kē" i roto i te oranga tangata. E kī ana a Sartre, i roto i tana mahi "Being and Nothingness," ko te noho o ētahi atu he āhuatanga motuhake o te harikoa tangata.
Hangarau me te Mōhiotanga
I te rautau 21, me te whanaketanga o te matauranga horihori me te hangarau mooni mariko, kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā pātai mō te hinengaro me te mooni. Tērā pea ka whakaratohia e te solipsism he tirohanga hei mārama ki te āheinga o te hinengaro horihori ki te ruarua i tōna mooni o waho.
Whakamutunga
I te nuinga o te wā, ka tukuna e te solipsism tētahi ara whakaaro nui hei mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaupapa me te ao. Ahakoa te nuinga o ngā tohunga whakaaro e whakahē ana i ana kereme tino nui, ka werohia tātou e te ariā o te solipsism ki te whakamātautau tonu i ngā rohe o ō tātou mōhiotanga me ō tātou tirohanga. I roto i tētahi ao hou e huri tere tonu ana, inā koa nā te hangarau, kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā pātai taketake mō te oranga me te hinengaro. Heoi anō, ko ngā tono mahi me ngā hiahia o te oranga o ia rā e hiahia tonu ana kia whakaarohia e tātou te oranga o ētahi atu me te ao o waho hei mea tūturu.
