Te Tātaritanga Āhuatanga a Edmund Husserl
Ko Edmund Husserl, he tohunga whakaaro Tiamana i whānau i te tau 1859, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ia te matua o te phenomenology. Ko te phenomenology tonu he huarahi ki te rapunga whakaaro e whai ana ki te mārama ki te hanganga o te wheako tangata mai i te tirohanga a te tangata e pāngia ana e ia. Ko te whāinga o te phenomenology he hura i te mauri o te wheako mā te tango i ngā whakapae me ngā whakahāwea katoa e huna ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te mooni.
Papamuri Āhuatanga
I tīmata a Husserl i tana mahi mātauranga i roto i te pāngarau i mua i tana tahuritanga ki te rapunga whakaaro, i ahu mai i ngā mahi a Franz Brentano rāua ko Carl Stumpf. I akiakihia a Husserl e tētahi kaupapa rapunga whakaaro hei kawe i te rapunga whakaaro ki tētahi turanga pūtaiao ake, ki tētahi turanga mārama ake, pūnaha ake rānei, i tua atu i ngā whakaaro o mua. I whakawhanakehia te phenomenology a Husserl i tētahi arotakenga o te hinengaro hinengaro—he tirohanga i whakarite i te arorau ki te hinengaro hinengaro—i whakaarohia e ia he mea morearea ki te mātauranga pūtaiao nā te mea i whakapōrearea i te rārangi i waenga i te mooni whāinga me te tirohanga whaiaro.
Te Tikanga Āhuatanga o Husserl
Ko te pūtake o te huarahi phenomenological a Husserl he tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te "epoché" ko te "whakaiti phenomenological" rānei. Ko tēnei tikanga ko te whakamutu (te whakaiti rānei) i ngā whakatau me ngā whakapae e whakaatu ana i te wheako. He ngana ki te kite tika i ngā āhuatanga "e rite ana ki tō rātou āhua", i mua i te tapanga, te whakamārama, te whakamaori rānei i a rātou, i mua i te whiriwhiringa hinengaro.
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te epoché ko te "whakatakoto" i ngā whakaaro tuatahi katoa mō te ao. Ko te whāinga o tēnei he whakanoho i ō tātou whakaaro ki roto i ngā pare, kia kore ai e pokanoa ki te tirohanga parakore. I tohu a Husserl he aronga tonu tō te hinengaro ("te whakaaro nui"), arā, he arotahi ki tētahi mea. Ko ia mahi hinengaro, e ai ki a ia, he mōhiotanga ki tētahi mea—ahakoa he mea ā-tinana, he ariā, he āhua kare ā-roto rānei.
Ko te wāhanga whakaiti te whai muri, te wāhi e ngana ai tātou ki te kimi i te mauri o te āhuatanga e pā ana ki tēnei. I kī a Husserl mā te raupapa o ngā whakaaroaro hohonu me ngā kitenga, ka taea e tātou te tae atu ki tētahi māramatanga taketake e pā ana ki te hanganga matua o te wheako whakamiharo.
Te Whaitake: Te Arotahi o te Māramatanga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Husserl ki te phenomenology ko te ariā o te "whakaaro nui." Ko te tikanga o te whakaaro nui ko te hinengaro katoa e anga ana ki tētahi mea - kāore he mea e kiia ana he hinengaro 'koretake', he hinengaro kūpapa rānei. Hei tauira, ki te whakaaro tētahi mō tētahi rākau, ko tōna whakaaro kei te rākau tonu, ehara i te kare ā-roto, i te whakaaro rānei kāore he mea.
E whakaahua ana ia i ngā wāhanga matua e rua o te whakaaro nui: ko te "noesis" me te "noema." Ko te Noesis te taha whaiaro o te wheako—te mahi hinengaro tonu, pērā i te whakaaro, te kare ā-roto, te whakaaro noa rānei. Ko te Noema, i tētahi atu taha, ko te ihirangi o te wheako—te mea e whakaarohia ana, e pāngia ana rānei, te mata o te mea kei roto i tō tātou hinengaro.
Ina kite tātou i tētahi mea, hei tauira, he rākau, ko te tukanga o te noesis e uru ana ki te mahi "kite", ko te noema ia ko te "rākau" tonu hei ihirangi o te mahi kite. Ka mahi tahi ēnei āhuatanga e rua hei hanga i te katoa o te wheako whakamiharo.
Te Ahuatanga Whakawhitiwhiti a Husserl
I roto i ngā whanaketanga atu, i whakaurua e Husserl te ariā o te "ego transcendental." Ko tēnei ego te āhuatanga matua me te ao whānui o te hinengaro—ehara i te ego motuhake e whakaaro ana, e rongo ana rānei i tēnei wā tonu. Ko te ego transcendental te anga matua mō ngā wheako whaiaro katoa. Mā te hura i te ego transcendental, i whai a Husserl ki te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga ao whānui me ngā āhuatanga matua o te hinengaro tonu.
Te Hiranga o Husserl mō te Rapunga Whakaaro me Ētahi Atu Pūtaiao
He whānui te awe o Husserl ki te rapunga whakaaro o ēnei rā me ētahi atu kaupapa ako, tae atu ki te hinengaro, te pāpori, me ngā tikanga ahurea.
Hei tauira, i roto i te hinengaro, ka whakamahia te huarahi phenomenological hei mārama ki te wheako o te tūroro, me te kore e whakapohehetia mā roto i ngā anga ariā hinengaro kāore pea e whai pānga. Ko Carl Rogers, tētahi o ngā kaiwhakaū o te whakaora tangata, i ahu mai i ngā mātāpono phenomenological hei whakanoho i te wheako whaiaro o te tangata ki waenganui o tana tukanga whakaora.
I roto i te hapori pāpori, i awehia a Alfred Schutz e te phenomenology, ā, i arahina atu ki te whanaketanga o te "social phenomenology." I whakanui a Schutz ko ngā hanganga o te tikanga i roto i te ao pāpori he mea hanga mā roto i ngā wheako whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro me te whiriwhiringa o ia rā.
Te Whakahē me te Tautohe
Ahakoa ngā takoha whai mana a Husserl, kāore i kore he hunga whakahē i ana mahi phenomenology. E kī ana ētahi tohunga whakaaro, tae atu ki tana tauira me tana kairīti a Martin Heidegger, ko te huarahi a Husserl, e aro nui ana ki te tātari i te hinengaro, e huna ana i te māramatanga o te tangata ki tā rātou hononga ki te ao tūturu. I whakaaro a Heidegger kāore e taea te mārama ki te oranga o te tangata hei kaupapa e whakaaroaro ana ki ngā mea, engari hei "Dasein" kei roto i te ao i roto i te huarahi whānui me te horopaki.
Hei tāpiritanga, e kī ana ētahi atu kairīti he koretake ngā tikanga whakaiti nui a Husserl (te wā me te whakaiti whakawhiti) ā, he tino uaua ki te whakatinana tonu i roto i ngā rangahautanga āhuatanga o ia rā.
Whakamutunga
I waiho e Edmund Husserl tētahi taonga tuku iho nui mā ngā tohunga whakaaro, i whakatuwhera i te tatau ki ngā huarahi hou ki te mārama ki ngā wheako tangata. Mā te phenomenology, ka tono a Husserl kia hoki tātou ki ngā "mea tonu" - ki te mātakitaki me te wheako i aua mea me te kore e tātarihia e ngā whakaaro whakapae. Mā te rangahau i te hanganga o te wheako whaiaro me te whakaatu i te taunekeneke a te hinengaro me tōna ao, ka tukuna e te phenomenology a Husserl he tirohanga hohonu ki te āhua taketake o te oranga tangata.
Ahakoa kei te noho tahi tonu ngā whakahē me ngā tautohetohe me tōna taonga tuku iho, he mea tino nui tonu ngā takoha a Husserl ki te rapunga whakaaro o nāianei, ā, kua awe i ngā momo kaupapa maha atu, kua whakatakoto huarahi mō te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te tirohanga, te hinengaro, me te ao e noho nei tātou. Ko ngā āhuatanga kua akohia e tātou mai i te rapunga whakaaro a Husserl he kaupapa kōrero nui tonu i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga pūtaiao me ngā huarahi hou i roto i ngā mahi a te tangata i ēnei rā.
