Ngā Whakaaro o George Berkeley mō te Whakaaro Pai
Ko George Berkeley (1685–1753) tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro whai mana nui i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro hou. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ia mō te whakawhanake i tētahi momo whakaaro motuhake, e kiia ana ko te kore-rawa, ko te whakaaro whaiaro rānei. Ki tā Berkeley, ko te mooni he hinengaro taketake: ko tā tātou e kī nei ko "ngā mea" kāore e noho hei mea motuhake mai i te hinengaro, engari e noho ana hei kohinga whakaaro e pāngia ana e te tangata e kite ana. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana tōna whakaaro e te pepeha Latina esse est percipi—"ko te noho ko te kitea." Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kōrero o Berkeley, āna tautohe matua, āna ariā mō te Atua me te tikanga o te taiao, me te awe me te whakahē i tana whakaaro pai.
Papamuri: Te Whakaaroaro me te Arotakenga Rauemi
I noho a Berkeley i roto i te tikanga tuku iho o te whakapono whaimana o Peretānia, i whakaaturia hoki e John Locke, ā, i muri mai ko David Hume. I whakanuia e te whakapono whaimana ko te mātauranga i ahu mai i ngā wheako ā-kanohi. I tautohe a Locke ko ngā whakaaro katoa i ahu mai i ngā wheako, heoi i pupuri tonu ia i te noho o te "wairua ā-tinana" hei mea e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā mea. E ai ki a Locke, ka kite tātou i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tae, te āhua, me te nekehanga, engari kei raro iho i a rātou kei reira "tetahi mea" e tautoko ana i a rātou: te matū.
I whakaaro a Berkeley he raruraru te ariā o te "matū". Ki a ia, ko te matū, hei matū kāore e tino pāngia e tātou, he ariā matatika koretake noa iho. Mena i ahu mai ngā mōhiotanga katoa i te wheako, he aha ai te whakaaro kei reira tētahi mea "tūturu" e kore e taea te toro atu e te wheako? Koinei te wāhi i tīmata ai a Berkeley i tētahi arotake nui: whakarērea te ariā o te matū, ā, whakamāramahia te ao katoa i runga i ngā whakaaro me ngā ariā.
Te Mauri o te Whakaaro Pai a Berkeley: Esse est percipi
Ki a Berkeley, ko tā tātou e kī nei he "mea" he kohinga whakaaro, he kare ā-roto rānei: tae, reka, kakara, kakano, oro, me ērā atu mea. Ina kī tātou "he tēpu," ko tā tātou e kī nei ko tētahi kohinga wheako—ka kite tātou i tētahi mata papatahi, ka rongo i tōna pakeke, me ērā atu mea. Nō reira, ko te noho o tētahi mea he noho noa iho i roto i te wheako.
Koinei te wāhi e puta ai te mātāpono o te esse est percipi (ko te noho ko te kitea). Mēnā kāore tetahi e kite i tētahi mea, kei te "noho" tonu? Ka whakahoki a Berkeley: kāo, ehara i te mea he taonga tūturu i roto i tōna ake mana. Ko te noho o tētahi mea e ai ki tā tātou e mārama nei i roto i te ao o ia rā, e hono tonu ana ki tōna aroaro i roto i ngā wheako o te hinengaro.
Heoi, kāore a Berkeley i kī he "whakaaro noa" te ao i roto i tētahi tikanga tūpono. He raupapa, he ōrite, he hononga hoki ngā whakaaro ā-pārongo. He āhua pumau tonu te ao, ā, he mea e taea te matapae. Ko te pātai: ki te kore he mea kei waho o te hinengaro, he aha te mea e whakarite ana i te raupapa o ō tātou wheako?
Ngā Momo Tūturu e Rua: Ngā Whakaaro me te Wairua
E wehewehe ana a Berkeley i waenga i:
1. Ngā Whakaaro: ngā ihirangi o te wheako—ngā tae, ngā āhua, ngā oro, ngā reka, me ngā āhuatanga katoa ka taea te wheako.
2. Wairua, hinengaro rānei: he mea e kaha ana, e kite ana, e hiahia ana. Ehara te wairua i te whakaaro; he kaupapa e pāngia ana e ngā whakaaro.
I roto i te pūnaha a Berkeley, he koretake ngā whakaaro: ka "puta" mai i roto i te hinengaro, engari kāore e waihanga i a rātou anō. Ko te mea e kaha ana ko te wairua: ko te tangata hei kaupapa e kite ana, ko te Atua hei Wairua tino teitei.
Mā te wehewehe i ēnei wāhanga e rua, i ngana a Berkeley ki te whakamārama he aha ngā wheako pānga ka "tae mai" ki a tātou me te mea nō waho, kaua ko te hua noa iho o te hiahia whaiaro. Ka taea e tātou te whakaaro i tētahi hōiho parirau, engari kāore e taea e tātou te "whakarite" noa i te rā kia whiti i te uru. Ko te tikanga tēnei he pūtake o ngā whakaaro pānga ehara i te hiahia tangata.
Te Tūranga a te Atua: Te Kaiwhakaū o te Oranga me te Tikanga
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui o te whakaaro nui a Berkeley ko te tūranga o te Atua. Mēnā kei te noho tonu ngā mea i te wā e kitea ana, me pēhea rā ngā mea kāore e kitea ana e te tangata—hei tauira, ngā rākau i roto i te ngahere i te wā kāore he tangata e titiro ana?
I whakautu a Berkeley mā te whakaatu i te Atua hei Kaimātakitaki o te ao. E kite tonu ana te Atua i ngā mea katoa. Nō reira, ahakoa kāore he tangata e titiro ana ki te rākau, kei te "noho" tonu, nā te mea e kitea tonutia ana e te Atua. Nō reira, i pupuri a Berkeley i te whakaaro whānui, arā, kei te noho tonu te ao ahakoa kāore tātou e mātakitaki ana.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka whakamārama anō te Atua i te raupapa o te taiao. Ko ngā whakaaro pārongo e pā ana ki a tātou e whai ana i ētahi ture (hei tauira, ngā ture o te nekehanga, te take me te pānga ā-tinana). Ki a Berkeley, koinei te "reo" e whakamahia ana e te Atua hei whakarite i ō tātou wheako i roto i te huarahi tika. Ehara ngā ture o te taiao i ngā tikanga matapo rauemi, engari he tauira pumau i roto i te raupapa o ngā whakaaro i pai ai te Atua.
Te Tautohe a Berkeley mō te Matū
He maha ngā huarahi tautohe nui a Berkeley hei whakahē i te ariā o te matū:
1. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā kare ā-roto anake tā tātou e mōhio ana, ehara i te mea ko ngā matū ā-tinana.
Ina kōrero tātou mō ngā mea, ko ngā āhuatanga e kitea ana e tātou te tikanga. Ko te "mea" hei mea e tū ana i muri i aua āhuatanga, kāore e kitea i roto i ō tātou wheako. Nō reira, he ariā kau noa iho te mea: he kupu kāore he ihirangi wheako.
2. Kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā āhuatanga tuatahi me ngā āhuatanga tuarua
I wehewehe a Locke i ngā āhuatanga matua (āhua, rahi, nekehanga), i whakaarohia he mea taketake i roto i te mea tonu, mai i ngā āhuatanga tuarua (tae, reka, kakara), i whakaarohia he mea whakawhirinaki ki te kaimātakitaki. I whakakahoretia tēnei wehewehenga e Berkeley. I tautohe ia ko te āhua, te rahi, me te nekehanga ka kitea tonutia. Ko te "nui" te "iti" rānei o te mea, kei te tirohanga a te kaimātakitaki, te tawhiti, me te āhua. Nō reira, kāore ngā āhuatanga matua e noho motuhake mai i te tirohanga.
3. He uaua ki te mārama ki te ariā o "te mea kāore i kitea".
He whakahē te whakaaro i tētahi mea kāore he tirohanga, e ai ki tā Berkeley, nā te mea he mahi hinengaro te whakaaro i a ia anō. Ina whakaaro koe i tētahi "tēpu kāore e kitea e tetahi," kei te kite koe i roto i tō hinengaro. Nō reira, ka uaua te pupuri i te ariā o tētahi mea e noho ana me te kore tirohanga.
Te Whakaaro Pai me te Pūtaiao o Berkeley
Kāore a Berkeley i whakaaro ki te whakangaro i te pūtaiao. I whakahē ia i te tirohanga me whakawhirinaki te pūtaiao ki te matū hei matū. Ki a ia, i noho tonu te pāngarau me te ahupūngao hei hanga i ngā tauira o te raupapa i roto i te wheako: me pēhea te puta o ngā whakaaro pārongo i roto i te huarahi raupapa. Heoi, i whakamāramahia e Berkeley ngā hua o te pūtaiao i tētahi huarahi rerekē: ehara i te mea he whakaahuatanga o te matū, engari he whakaahuatanga o ngā whanaungatanga raupapa i waenga i ngā whakaaro i roto i te wheako, "i whakaritea" e te Atua.
I tēnei whakaaro, i mōhiotia hoki a Berkeley mō tana whakahē i ētahi ariā āhua-kore i whakaarohia e ia he mea kāore i te mārama, pērā i te ariā o ngā mea mutunga kore i roto i te tātaitai o tōna wā. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakahē i tana hiahia ki te tono kia mārama te tikanga: me hono ngā ariā ki ngā wheako mārama, ki ngā mahi hinengaro rānei.
Te Whakahē me te Awe
He nui ngā whakahē i puta mō ngā whakaaro o Berkeley. Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē tino kitea ko tana whakataurite i te ao tūturu ki te tirohanga, ā, e ahua "whakawhirinaki" ana te ao ki te hinengaro. He tokomaha i whakapae i te whakaaro pai o Berkeley mō te taka ki te solipsism (ko te whaiaro anake te mea e noho ana). I whakakahoretia e Berkeley tēnei whakapae: i whakaae ia ki te noho o ētahi atu wairua (ētahi atu tāngata) me te mea nui, ko te Atua. Heoi, nā te mea kāore tātou e "kite" tika i ngā wairua, engari e whakaaro ana ki a rātou, i tautohe ngā kairīti kei te waiho tonu he raruraru i roto i tana pūnaha.
Heoi anō, i whai ngā tohunga whakaaro o muri mai pērā i a Immanuel Kant i tētahi ara rerekē: i whakaae a Kant ko ō tātou wheako ka hangaia e te hanganga o te hinengaro, engari i pupuri tonu i te noho o tētahi "mea-i-roto-i-a-ia" kāore e taea te mōhio. He nui ake te whakahē a Berkeley i te hiahia mō tētahi "mea-i-roto-i-a-ia" ā-tinana.
Ahakoa he tautohenga, he nui te takoha a Berkeley: i whakaaturia e ia te uauatanga o te whakaaro ko te ao tūroa he mea motuhake mai i te āhua o tā tātou wheako. I whakanuia anō hoki e ia te hononga tata i waenga i te tikanga o ngā ariā me ngā wheako, he whakaaro ka pāorooro i roto i ngā tikanga tuku iho o te rapunga whakaaro reo me te tātari.
Te Katinga
Ko te whakaaro nui a George Berkeley he ngana maia ki te whakahou i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao tūroa mā te whakakore i te matū hei matū. Ki a ia, ko te ao e mōhiotia ana e tātou he mea tito mai i ngā whakaaro wheako, ko te mea ia e "noho" ana ko te wairua: ko te tangata hei kaupapa o te wheako me te Atua hei pūtake o te tikanga. Me te mātāpono o te esse est percipi, i werohia e Berkeley ngā whakaaro tino taketake mō te noho o te matū, ā, i akiaki i a tātou ki te pātai: he mea kei tua atu i te wheako te "mooni", he mea rānei te wheako tonu hei pūtake o te mooni?
Ki te mea he tino nui rawa te whakaaro pai o Berkeley, nā te mea ka panaia e ia te whakaaro mārama ki ōna rohe tino nui: ki te mea i ahu mai ngā mōhiotanga katoa i te wheako, kāti ka kore e tika te kōrero mō ngā mea kore wheako. Ahakoa e whakaae ana tātou ki tēnā, e kore rānei, ko te whakaaro o Berkeley he wāhi nui tonu i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro—he tono kia whakaarohia anō te tikanga o tā tātou kī he "noho" tētahi mea.
