Te Tūturutanga me te Whakaingoatanga i roto i te Metaphysics
Pengantar
Ko te matapūtaiao he peka o te rapunga whakaaro e tirotiro ana i te āhua o te ao tūturu, tae atu ki te oranga, ngā mea me ō rātou āhuatanga, te wāhi me te wā, te takenga mai, me te tūponotanga. I roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro, ko tētahi o ngā tautohetohe matapūtaiao nui ko te ao tūturu me te ao ingoa. He rerekē rawa ngā tirohanga a ēnei tūranga e rua mō te oranga o ngā ariā ā-ao me ngā ao whānui.
Te Ao Tūturu: Te Noho Ao Whānui
I roto i te horopaki o te metaphysics, ko te realism e pā ana ki te whakapono he oranga motuhake ngā mea katoa (pērā i te tika, te tangata, te whakaaro nui rānei) i te hinengaro tangata. Ko Plato tētahi o ngā kaitautoko matua o tēnei tirohanga. I roto i tana ariā mō ngā Āhua, ngā Whakaaro rānei, i kī a Plato ko ngā mea katoa o te ao tūturu he atarangi, he whakaata rānei i ngā āhua tino tika e noho ana i te ao kore-tinana me te ao mutunga kore.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te Realism ki ētahi momo, tae atu ki:
1. Te Ao Tūturu o Plato: E pā ana ki te ariā a Plato ko ngā mea katoa he mea e noho ana i roto i tētahi ao motuhake, teitei ake hoki, e kiia nei ko te "ao o ngā āhua".
2. Te Ao Tūturu o Aristotle: Kāore i rite ki a Plato, i whakaako a Aristotle kei roto i ngā mea takitahi ngā mea ao whānui. Hei tauira, ehara te "kikorangi" i te mea motuhake engari kei roto i ngā mea kikorangi katoa.
He mana motuhake tō te Realism ki te whakamārama me pēhea tātou e kōrero ai, e whakaaro ai mō ngā ariā whānui, me pēhea hoki tātou e mōhio ai ki ngā āhuatanga ōrite o ngā mea rerekē. He maha ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā tohunga whakaaro e tautoko ana i tēnei tirohanga nā te mea e ōrite ana ki te māramatanga pūtaiao o ngā ture ā-ao o te taiao.
Te Whakahē i ngā Ao Whānui: Te Whakakorenga i ngā Tikanga Whakapono
Ko te whakaaro ingoa he tirohanga e whakahē ana ki te ao tūturu, e pupuri ana kāore he oranga motuhake o ngā mea ao whānui. Ko te kaitautoko matua o tēnei tirohanga ko William o Ōkehama, he tangata rongonui mō tana mātāpono "Ockham's Razor"—arā, he pai ake ngā whakamārama māmā ake. E ai ki a Ōkehama, kāore he take ki te whakaaro tuatahi kei te noho ngā mea kore-tinana ina taea e tātou te whakamārama i tētahi mea me te kore rātou.
He maha ngā momo o te ingoatanga, tae atu ki:
1. Te Whakaingoa Tino Rahi: E ai ki tēnei tirohanga, ko ētahi tāngata takitahi anake e noho ana, ā, ko ngā kupu whānui he ingoa noa iho e whakamahia ana e tātou hei whakarōpū i ngā mea kia rite ki ētahi āhuatanga ōrite.
2. Te Whakaaroaro: E whakaae ana tēnei tirohanga ki te noho o ngā ariā whānui, engari kei roto i te hinengaro tangata anake. Nō reira, kei te noho ngā mea ao whānui, engari he ariā hinengaro anake, ehara i te mea he hinonga motuhake.
He tino rongonui te whakaaro-ingoa nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia te whakaatu i te noho o tētahi ao uaua, āhua-kore e kore e taea te tirotiro tika. Nā tēnei ka ōrite ki ngā momo tino uaua o te whakaaro-ā-roto me ngā mātāpono pūtaiao māmā ake.
Ngā Wero me te Whakahē
He maha ngā wero me ngā whakahē e pā ana ki te realism me te nominalism mai i ngā tirohanga matatika:
Arotake i te Pono
1. Te Raru o te Whai Wāhi: Ko te ariā a Plato mō te whai wāhi, te haumi rānei o ngā mea ā-tinana i roto i ō rātou āhua tino pai, e whakaara ake ana i ngā pātai uaua. Hei tauira, me pēhea te "whai wāhi" o ngā mea ā-tinana ki ngā āhua kore-ā-tinana?
2. Te Nohoanga o ngā Hinonga Tuturu: Me pēhea te awe o ngā hinonga kore-tinana ki te ao tūturu? Me pēhea tātou e mōhio ai mō rātou? I puta mai tēnei whakahē i tētahi tirohanga whakaponokore e whakahē ana i ngā hinonga kāore e kitea.
Arotake i te Whakaingoatanga
1. Te Raru o te Whakataurite: Me pēhea tātou e whakamārama ai i tō tātou kaha ki te kite i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, ngā āhuatanga rerekē rānei o ngā ariā, me te kore e whakaaro he ao whānui kei roto?
2. Raru Whakarāpopototanga: Me pēhea te waihanga a te tangata i ngā ariā whānui mai i ngā wheako rerekē o te tangata takitahi?
Ngā Otinga me ngā Whakaaetanga
Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, kua ngana ētahi tohunga whakaaro ki te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o ngā tūranga e rua, ki te tuku rānei i ngā huarahi tino rerekē.
1. Te Hangahanga: E kī ana tēnei tirohanga ko ngā ao whānui ko ā tātou hanganga hinengaro, reo rānei e ārahihia ana e ngā hiahia mahi. Kāore ngā ao whānui e noho motuhake ana, engari ehara i te mea he ingoa noa iho.
2. Ngā Hinonga e Hinengaro Ana: E kī ana ētahi tohunga whakaaro ka taea te whakaaro ko ngā mea ao whānui he mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hinengaro, engari he maha tonu ngā tūranga nui o roto i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao.
Ngā Pānga ki te Pūtaiao me ngā Tikanga Matatika
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho te tautohetohe i waenga i te realism me te nominalism; he whānui hoki ōna pānga ki ngā momo mara mātauranga.
1. Ngā Pūtaiao Taiao: Ka puta te take o ngā mea whānui i roto i ngā wāhanga pūtaiao pēnei i ngā momo koiora, ngā ture o te ahupūngao, me ērā atu mea. He kitenga ēnei e whakaata ana i ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te ao, he tikanga whai hua noa iho rānei?
2. Ngā Tikanga Matatika me te Ture: I roto i te ao matatika, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te realism ki te tirohanga he whāinga noa iho ngā uara matatika, ā, he motuhake i ngā whakaaro o te tangata. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e te nominalism te tautoko i te relativism, te wāhi e kitea ai ngā uara matatika hei hanganga pāpori.
Whakamutunga
E rua ngā huarahi tino rerekē o te Realism me te Nominalism ki te mārama ki ngā ariā whānui me ngā ariā whakarāpopoto. Ahakoa he pūtake pakari te Realism mō te mārama ki ngā ture whānui me ngā āhuatanga ōrite, he huarahi māmā ake, he huarahi wheako ake hoki te Nominalism ki te whakatata atu ki ngā raruraru matatika. Ko tētahi wero nui i roto i te rapunga whakaaro ko te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā e whakakotahi ana i ngā painga o ngā tūranga e rua, e tuku ana rānei i tētahi tauira hou ka taea te whakautu i ngā pātai matatika taketake mō ngā ariā, ngā mea, me te mooni.
