Ariā Whakamahinga Keynesian: He Huarahi Ōhanga Whānui ki te Whakamahinga ā-Whare
Pendahuluan
He wāhanga nui te ariā kai i roto i te tātari ōhanga whānui, inā koa i roto i te aromatawai i ngā whanonga o ngā whare i roto i te whakamahi i ā rātou moni whiwhi. Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata whai mana i roto i te whanaketanga o te ariā kai ko John Maynard Keynes. I roto i tana mahi nui, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," i whakaputaina i te tau 1936, i whakaurua e Keynes tētahi tirohanga hou mō te kai i whakarerekē i te tauira ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here o tōna wā.
Papamuri Ariā
I mua i te matapaki hohonu i te ariā hoko a Keynes, he mea nui kia mārama ki te horopaki hītori me te whakaaro ōhanga matua. I mua i a Keynes, ko te ōhanga tawhito te mea nui, me te whakapono ko ngā mākete e anga ana ki te taurite. Heoi, ko te wheako o te Paheketanga Nui i ngā tau 1930 i whakaatu i te koretake o tēnei ariā ki te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. I kite a Keynes ko te whanonga hoko me te whakapaunga katoa ehara i te mea ko ngā utu me ngā reiti huamoni anake, engari ko te moni whiwhi me ngā āhuatanga hinengaro e tumanakohia ana.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Ariā Whakamahinga a Keynes
Ko te ariā a Keynes mō te kai e aro ana ki ētahi ariā matua e ngana ana ki te whakamārama me pēhea te whakatau a te tangata takitahi, a te whare rānei i tā rātou kai. Ko ētahi o ngā mea e tino mōhiotia ana ko te mahi kai me te hiahia ki te kai.
1. Mahi Whakamahinga
E hono ana te mahi whakapau a Keynes i te taumata o te whakapau ki te moni whiwhi (moni whiwhi i muri i te taake). I roto i ngā kupu ngāwari, ka taea te tuhi i te mahi whakapau a Keynes penei:
\[ C = C_0 + cY_d \]
kāore i te mana:
– ko te whakapaunga katoa te \( C \),
– Ko te whakapaunga motuhake te \( C_0 \) , arā, ko te whakapaunga e haere tonu ana ahakoa he kore te moni whiwhi e taea te whakamahi,
– Ko te \( c \) te āhua o te whakapaunga ki te taha (MPC),
– Ko te moni whiwhi ka taea te whakamahi ko \( Y_d \).
2. Te Āhuatanga Tapeke ki te Kai (MPC)
Ko te āhua o te whakapau moni (MPC) ko te ōwehenga o te moni whiwhi tāpiri ka pau ki te whakapau moni, kaua ki te penapena. I roto i tētahi tātai, ka taea te whakaahua i te MPC penei:
\[ MPC = \frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y_d} \]
E whakaahua ana tēnei ariā i te whanaungatanga tika i waenga i ngā huringa o te moni whiwhi me ngā huringa o te kai. I tautohe a Keynes ko te MPC he uara i waenga i te 0 me te 1, ko te tikanga kāore ia waeine moni whiwhi tāpiri e pau katoa; ka penapenahia ētahi.
Ngā Pānga me ngā Pānga o te Kaupapa Here
He maha ngā pānga nui o te ariā a Keynes mō te kai, inā koa mō te kaupapa here pūtea. I tautohe a Keynes, i roto i te ōhanga puhoi, i te paheketanga rānei o te ōhanga, me wawao te kāwanatanga ki te whakaoho i te kai me te haumi. Mā te kaupapa here pūtea whānui, pērā i te whakaheke i ngā taake, te whakanui rānei i ngā whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga, ka taea te whakanui ake i te moni whiwhi a te tangata, ā, ka whakanui ake i te kai e ai ki te mahi kai kua whakahuatia ake nei.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakaurua mai hoki e Keynes te ariā o te "pānga whakarea," arā, ko te pikinga o te whakapaunga ka arahi ki te pikinga nui ake o te moni whiwhi ā-motu me te whakapaunga katoa. Arā, ko ia wāhanga tāpiri o te whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga ka hua ake he pikinga neke atu i te kotahi wāhanga i roto i te ōhanga whānui nā te pikinga tonu o te moni whiwhi me te whakapaunga.
Arotake me te Whakawhanaketanga o te Ariā Whakamahinga
Ahakoa tōna awe, kāore i kore he whakahē me te whanaketanga anō o te ariā a Keynes mō te kai. I tautohe ētahi o ngā tohunga ōhanga he tino māmā rawa te huarahi a Keynes, ā, kāore i whakaarohia ētahi atu āhuatanga ka pā ki te kai, pērā i ngā tumanakohanga ā-muri, ngā reiti huamoni, me te rawa katoa.
Ko tētahi whanaketanga o te ariā kai a Keynesian ko te Whakapae Huringa-Ora, i whakatakotoria e Franco Modigliani rāua ko Richard Brumberg i ngā tau 1950. E ai ki tēnei whakapae, ka whakamahere ngā tāngata i ā rātou kai me ā rātou penapena puta noa i ō rātou oranga, ehara i te mea i runga i te moni whiwhi o nāianei anake, engari i runga anō hoki i te moni whiwhi me ngā matea kai e tumanakohia ana i te kaumātuatanga.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te Whakaaro Moni Whiwhi Tuturu, i whakatakotoria e Milton Friedman i ngā tau 1950, e whakaatu ana ko te whakapaunga moni ehara i te mea ka whakawhirinaki ki te moni whiwhi o nāianei anake engari ki te moni whiwhi tuturu e tumanakohia ana. E ai ki a Friedman, ka whai ngā tāngata takitahi ki te pupuri i tā rātou taumata whakapaunga moni mā te whakaaro ki te moni whiwhi mō te wā roa, kaua ki te aro ki ngā piki me ngā heke o te moni whiwhi mō te wā poto.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā a Keynes mō te kai he tūāpapa nui mō te mārama ki ngā whanonga kai i roto i te horopaki ōhanga whānui. Mā te whakanui i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te moni whiwhi me te kai, me te whakauru i te ariā o te MPC, i whakaratohia e Keynes he taputapu tātari kaha mō ngā kaupapa here ōhanga, inā koa i ngā wā o te raruraru ōhanga.
Ahakoa i whakahēngia, i whakarerekētia hoki e ngā whanaketanga ariā pērā i te Whakapae Huringa Ora me te Whakapae Moni Tuturu, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā takoha a Keynes, ā, koinei te tūāpapa o ngā kaupapa here pūtea o ēnei rā. He mea nui te māramatanga whānui ki tēnei ariā kai mā ngā tohunga ōhanga, ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, me te hunga katoa e hiahia ana ki te ako i ngā whanaketanga ōhanga.
Ehara i te mea ko tētahi ariā anake i whakaratohia e Keynes engari ko tētahi tauira hou anō hoki i whakatenatena i te whai wāhi kaha a te kāwanatanga ki te ōhanga, inā koa ki te pupuri i te pumau me te tipu o te ōhanga mā roto i ngā wawaotanga kaupapa here e aro ana ki te awe i te kai me te haumi. Nō reira, ko te ariā a Keynes mō te kai he pou nui hei āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama me te whakahaere pai i te ōhanga.
