Me pēhea te tatau i te GDP
Ko te Hua ā-Rohe Katoa (GDP) tētahi o ngā tohu ōhanga tino nui hei whakatau i te hauora ōhanga o tētahi whenua. Ka ine te GDP i te uara katoa o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga katoa i hangaia i roto i ngā rohe o tētahi whenua i roto i tētahi wā motuhake, e tatauhia ana i ia tau, i ia hauwhā rānei. Ka whakaratohia e te GDP he pikitia whānui o te mahi ōhanga o tētahi whenua, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, ngā kaitātari ōhanga, me ngā kaipupuri moni hei whakamōhio i te whakatau kaupapa.
Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te tatau i te GDP mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga maha e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi ōhanga.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te GDP
Ka tatauhia te GDP i runga i te uara mākete, arā, ka whakamahia ngā utu mākete o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga whakamutunga. Ko ngā taonga me ngā ratonga whakamutunga ko ērā kua tae ki te wāhanga whakamutunga o te hanga, ā, kua rite mō te kai a ngā kaihoko, ahakoa he whare, he pakihi, he kāwanatanga, he kaihoko o tāwāhi rānei. Kāore ngā taonga e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga hanga, ngā taonga takawaenga rānei, e whakaurua ki ngā tataunga GDP hei karo i te tatau rua.
2. Tikanga Tātai GDP
E toru ngā huarahi matua mō te tatau i te GDP:
– Huarahi Whakaputa (Huarahi Putanga)
– Te Huarahi Whakapaunga
– Huarahi Whiwhi Moni (Huarahi Whiwhi Moni)
A. Huarahi Whakaputa
Ka tatauhia e tēnei huarahi te GDP mā te tāpiri i te uara tāpiri mai i ngā rāngai ōhanga katoa o tētahi whenua. Ko te uara tāpiri te rerekētanga i waenga i te uara o te putanga me te uara o ngā whakaurunga takawaenga i roto i te tukanga whakaputa.
Ngā taahiraa huarahi whakaputa:
1. Tāutuhia ngā rāngai ōhanga: Hei tauira, te ahuwhenua, te ahumahi, ngā ratonga, me ērā atu.
2. Tāpirihia te uara tāpiri o ia rāngai: Ka whiwhihia te uara tāpiri mai i te whakaputanga katoa tangohia ngā utu whakauru waenga.
3. Tāpirihia ngā uara tāpiri katoa mai i ngā rāngai ōhanga katoa.
Tātai:
\[ GDP = \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Putanga_{i} – Whakauru_{i}) \]
B. Huarahi Whakapaunga
Ko te huarahi whakapaunga te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ka tatau i te GDP mā te tāpiri i ngā whakapaunga katoa i mahia e ngā rāngai ōhanga mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga whakamutunga. E whā ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei huarahi:
– Te Whakapaunga ā-Whare (C)
– Te Pūtea Pakihi (I)
– Ngā Whakapaunga a te Kāwanatanga (G)
– Ngā Kaweake Kupenga (X – M)
Ko ngā kaweake kupenga ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kaweake (X) me ngā kawemai (M).
Tātai:
\[ Te GDP = C + I + G + (X – M) \]
He whakamārama mō ia wāhanga:
1. Te Whakapaunga ā-Whānau (C): Kei roto ko ngā whakapaunga katoa a ngā whānau ki ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, pērā i te kai, te kākahu, te kawe waka, me ngā ratonga hauora.
2. Te Pūtea Pakihi (I): Ngā whakapaunga mō te hoko taonga whakapaipai, tae atu ki ngā whare, ngā mīhini, me ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā panonitanga o ngā taonga.
3. Whakapaunga a te Kāwanatanga (G): Te tapeke o ngā whakapaunga a te kāwanatanga matua me te kāwanatanga ā-rohe mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga, kāore i te whakaurua ngā utu whakawhiti pērā i ngā penihana me ngā tautoko.
4. Ngā Kaweake Kupenga (X – M): Ko ngā kaweake ko te uara o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e hokona ana ki tāwāhi, ko ngā kawemai ko te uara o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i hokona mai i tāwāhi.
C. Huarahi Whiwhi Moni
Ka tatauhia e tēnei huarahi te GDP mā te tāpiri i ngā moni whiwhi katoa i puta mai i te hanga taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i tētahi whenua. Kei roto i tēnei moni whiwhi:
– Ngā Utu me ngā Utu (W)
– Te Hua o te Kamupene (P)
– Whiwhinga Rīhi (R)
– Whiwhinga Huamoni (I)
– Ngā Taake Ā-Taurangi (T) me te tango i ngā tahua tautoko.
Tātai:
\[ GDP = W + P + R + I + (T – Ngā Āwhina) \]
He whakamārama mō ia wāhanga:
1. Utu me ngā Utu (W): Te tapeke o te moni whiwhi e utua ana ki ngā kaimahi.
2. Hua o te Kamupene (P): Te moni whiwhi a te kamupene i muri i te tango i ngā utu whakaputa.
3. Whiwhinga Rēti (R): Te moni whiwhi mai i te whakamahinga o te whenua me ētahi atu rauemi.
4. Whiwhinga Huamoni (I): Te moni whiwhi mai i ngā hokinga mai o te haumitanga.
5. Taake Ā-Taurangi (T) tangohia ngā tautoko: Ko te tapeke o ngā taake e tangohia ana mō te hanga me te hoko taonga tangohia ngā utu whakawhiti mai i te kāwanatanga ki ngā kamupene, ki ngā tāngata takitahi rānei.
3. Ngā Whakatikatika i roto i te Tātaitanga GDP
GDP Ingoa me te GDP Tūturu:
– GDP Nama: Ka tatau i te GDP i ngā utu e mau tonu ana i taua tau anō (ngā utu mākete o nāianei). Kāore te GDP Nama e tango i ngā pānga o te pikinga utu.
– Te GDP Tuturu: Ka tatau i te GDP i ngā utu pumau, ko te tikanga ka whakatakotoria ngā utu i runga i tētahi tau turanga motuhake hei whakakore i te pānga o ngā huringa utu (te pikinga utu/te hekenga utu). Mā tēnei ka puta he pikitia tika ake mō te tipu o te rahinga putanga.
Tātai:
\[GDP Tuturu = \frac{GDP Ingoa}{Kaitahuri \ GDP} \whakareatia ki te 100 \]
Kaiwhakaheke GDP:
Ko te whakahekenga o te GDP he ine i te taumata utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga katoa i roto i tētahi ōhanga. E whakamahia ana hei huri i te GDP ingoa ki te GDP tūturu.
4. Ngā Here o te Ine i te GDP
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he maha hoki ngā whakamahinga o te GDP, he maha ngā herenga hei ine i te oranga ōhanga:
– Kāore e Whai Whakaaro ana ki te Tohatoha o ngā Whiwhinga Moni: Kāore e whakaatu me pēhea te tohatoha o ngā whiwhinga moni ki waenga i te taupori.
– Te Kore e Ine i ngā Mahi Ōhanga Kāore i te Whaimana: Kāore i te whakaurua ngā mahi whaimana, ngā mahi kāore anō kia tuhia.
– Te wareware i ngā pānga ki te taiao: Ko te whakaputanga e whakanui ana i te GDP ka kino pea ki te taiao.
– Kāore e Ine i te Oranga Hapori: Kāore te GDP e whai whakaaro ki te harikoa, ki te kounga rānei o te oranga o ngā tāngata whenua.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua engari he mea nui te tatau i te GDP hei mārama me te ine i te mahi ōhanga o tētahi whenua. He rerekē ngā huarahi whakaputa, whakapaunga, me te whiwhinga moni hei mārama ki te mahi ōhanga mai i ngā tirohanga rerekē. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā herenga o te GDP, he mea nui tonu tōna whakamahinga mō te whakatau kaupapa here me te whakatakoto kaupapa here ōhanga. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama tika ki ngā tikanga tatau GDP me ōna pānga ki ngā momo kaipupuri moni o te ōhanga.
