Hītori o te Ariā Ōhanga Matarohia
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā ōhanga tawhito he kura whakaaro ōhanga e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga ōhanga o te rautau 18 me te 19. Kei roto i tēnei kura ngā whakaaro o ngā tino tangata pēnei i a Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, me John Stuart Mill. Ko te ariā ōhanga tawhito te tūāpapa mō te maha o ngā mātāpono ōhanga e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā, tae atu ki te ariā o te ōhanga mākete kore utu, te painga whakataurite, me te ture o ngā mākete. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka arotakehia e tātou te hītori, ngā mātāpono matua, me te whanaketanga o te ariā ōhanga tawhito.
Papamuri me ngā Tīmatanga
I puta mai te ariā ōhanga tawhito i te wā o te Māramatanga o Ūropi, he wā i tere ai te tipu o te mātauranga me ngā whakaaro hou. I mua i te rautau 18, i awe nuitia te ōhanga e te whakapono me te pūnaha feudal tino pakari. Ko te Mercantilism, me tana arotahi ki te kohikohi koura me te hiriwa me ngā toenga hokohoko, i whakahaere i te whakaaro ōhanga i Ūropi mai i te rautau 16 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 18.
I whakaarohia e te kaupapa Mercantilism ko te taonga o tētahi iwi ka inehia e ōna taonga whakarewa utu nui, ā, i whai kia whakanuia ngā kaweake me te whakaiti i ngā kawemai. Heoi, i whakaaro ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito he kuiti rawa tēnei huarahi, ā, kāore i te whakaata i ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te ōhanga.
Adam Smith: Te Matua o te Ōhanga o ēnei rā
He tohunga whakaaro me te tohunga ōhanga Kōtimana a Adam Smith, e kiia ana ko ia te matua o te ōhanga hou. Ko tana mahi nui, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776), i noho hei tūāpapa mō te ariā ōhanga tawhito. Nā Smith i whakauru te ariā o te "ringa kore e kitea," e whakaahua ana i ngā tikanga mākete e peia ana e ngā hiahia takitahi engari i te mutunga ka whai hua ki te hapori whānui.
I whakanuia anō hoki e Smith te hiranga o te wehewehe mahi hei pūtake o te whakapiki i te hua me te whai huatanga. I whakapono ia mā te wehewehe i ngā mahi ki ngā taahiraa motuhake, ka taea e ngā kaimahi te whai pūkenga me te whai hua ake i roto i ā rātou mahi. Mā tēnei whakapikinga hua ka akiaki i te tipu ōhanga.
David Ricardo me te Ariā o te Painga Whakataurite
He nui hoki te awe o David Ricardo, he tohunga ōhanga Ingarihi, ki te whanaketanga o te ariā ōhanga tawhito. Nā tana mahi rongonui, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), i whakauru te ariā o te painga whakataurite. E ai ki tēnei ariā, me tohunga ngā whenua ki te hanga taonga ka taea e rātou te whakaputa i te utu iti rawa atu i ērā atu whenua. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te kaweake i ngā taonga e hangaia ana e rātou me te kawemai i ngā taonga he nui ake te utu ki te whakaputa i roto i te motu.
I whakaatuhia e te ariā a Ricardo mō te painga whakataurite ka taea e te hokohoko ā-ao te whai hua ki ngā whenua katoa e whai wāhi ana, ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o te whai huatanga o te whakaputa. Nā tēnei i whakarato te pūtake mō tētahi tautohe kaha hei tautoko i te hokohoko kore utu ā-ao, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te ōhanga o te ao hou.
Thomas Malthus me te Ariā Taupori
He tohunga ōhanga, he tohunga taupori hoki a Thomas Malthus, ā, he nui āna takoha ki te ariā ōhanga tawhito mā roto i tana tuhinga, "He Tuhinga mō te Mātāpono o te Taupori" (1798). I tautohe a Malthus he nui te tipu o te taupori, engari ko te tipu o te kai ka taea anake te whakamahi i te tātaitanga. Nō reira, ki te kore te mana whakahaere taupori, ka pāngia te hapori e te matekai me te rawakore.
I whakapono a Malthus mā te iti o ngā rauemi ka whakawhāiti i te tipu o te taupori, ā, ka heke te ōhanga. Ahakoa i hē ētahi o ngā matapae a Malthus, kei te whai tikanga tonu ana whakaaro mō ngā herenga rauemi me ō rātou pānga ki te tipu ōhanga i roto i ngā kōrero ōhanga me te taiao o ēnei rā.
John Stuart Mill me te Ōhanga Matarohia o Mua
Ko John Stuart Mill, he tohunga whakaaro me te ōhanga Ingarihi, te tino tangata nui whakamutunga i whakaarohia hei wāhanga o te ariā ōhanga tawhito. I roto i tana mahi "Principles of Political Economy" (1848), i ngana a Mill ki te whakakotahi i ngā tirohanga ōhanga tawhito me te whakarato i tētahi pūtake pūtaiao ake mō te tātari ōhanga.
I whakanuia anō hoki e Mill te hiranga o te tohatoha taonga me te tūranga o te kāwanatanga ki te whakatika i ngā kore taurite o te mākete. Mō te take o te herekoretanga takitahi, i tautohe a Mill me iti noa te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga, engari i whakaae anō ia kei reira ngā āhuatanga e tika ana te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga kia tutuki ai ngā hua taurite.
Ngā Mātāpono Matua o te Ariā Ōhanga Matarohia
1. Mākete Koreutu: I whakapono ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito ka eke ngā mākete koreutu ki te taurite i te wā e tūtaki ai te tuku me te tono. Ka whakarerekētia ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga kia kore ai he toenga nui, he korenga nui rānei.
2. Te Ringa Kore e Kitea: Ko tēnei ariā, i whakaurua mai e Adam Smith, e whakaahua ana i te tikanga e tautoko ā-kore ai ngā hiahia takitahi i te oranga hapori mā roto i ngā mākete kore utu.
3. Te Wehewehenga Mahi: Mā te wehewehe i ngā mahi me te tohungatanga, ka taea e ngā kaimahi te whai hua ake, te whai hua ake hoki, ā, mā tēnei ka ārahi i te tipu ōhanga.
4. Te Ariā o te Painga Whakataurite: I whakanui a David Ricardo me aro nui ia whenua ki te whakaputa taonga e whai painga whakataurite ana, kia taea ai te whakanui ake i ngā painga o te hokohoko ā-ao.
5. Te Ture a Say: I kī a Jean-Baptiste Say, he tohunga ōhanga Wīwī, mā te tuku ka puta te tono. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, mā te whakaputanga o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga ka nui te tono hei mimiti i ngā taonga e whakaputaina ana.
6. Te Tohatoha o te Taonga: I whakanuia hoki e ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito, inā koa ko John Stuart Mill, te hiranga o te whakaaro ki te tohatoha o te taonga me te moni whiwhi i roto i te hapori kia tutuki ai te tika pāpori.
Te Katinga
Ko te ariā ōhanga tawhito he tūāpapa pakari mō te ōhanga o ēnei rā. Nā ngā whakaaro o Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, me Mill i hanga ngā mātāpono ōhanga maha e whai tikanga tonu ana i ēnei rā. Ahakoa kua whakahēngia, kua whakatikatikaina hoki ētahi āhuatanga o tēnei ariā e ētahi atu kura whakaaro ōhanga, pērā i te ōhanga neoclassical me te ōhanga Keynesian, ko ngā takoha a ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito he pou nui tonu i roto i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā whanaketanga ōhanga.
Mā te mārama ki te hītori o te ariā ōhanga tawhito, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te āhua o te hanga a ēnei whakaaro i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga me ngā mahi pakihi e noho nei tātou i ēnei rā. Kei te whai mana tonu te taonga tuku iho hinengaro o ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito, e homai ana ki a tātou he māramatanga whai hua ki te aro atu ki ngā wero ōhanga o nāianei me ngā mea kei te heke mai.
