Te Ariā o te Takiruatanga Ōhanga i ngā Whenua Whakawhanake
Pendahuluan
He anga nui te ariā o te takirua ōhanga hei mārama ki te āhua o te kore e neke ōrite o ngā ōhanga i ngā whenua whakawhanake. He maha ngā whenua whakawhanake e tohuhia ana e te noho tahi o ngā "ao" ōhanga e rua i roto i te rohe kotahi: he rāngai hou e hua ana, e whakauru ana ki ngā mākete, e whakamahi ana i ngā hangarau matatau ake; me te rāngai tuku iho e iti ana te hua, e nui ana te mahi, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mahi ōhanga oranga. Ehara tēnei takirua i te rerekētanga noa iho o ngā taumata moni whiwhi, engari ko ngā rerekētanga hoki o ngā hanganga, ngā umanga, me te urunga atu ki ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga.
I roto i te mahi, ko te takiruatanga ōhanga te take kāore i te haere tahi te tipu ōhanga ā-motu me te tohatoha tika o te rawaka. Ahakoa ka piki ake te Hua Whenua Katoa (GDP) i tētahi whenua, kei te teitei tonu te rawakore, te kore mahi, me te kore taurite. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki te ariā o te takiruatanga mō te hanga kaupapa here whanaketanga e whai ana i te tipu me te panonitanga hanganga.
Te Mārama ki te Takiruatanga Ōhanga
Ko te takirua ōhanga he āhuatanga e rua ngā rāngai motuhake, kāore i te rite te whanaketanga i roto i tētahi ōhanga. Ko te rāngai hou e kapi ana i te hanga, ngā ratonga hou, te pūtea, me ngā umanga tāone ōkawa. Ko tēnei rāngai he mea hanga uara tāpiri nui, ā, he urunga atu ki te whakapaipai, te hangarau, me ngā whatunga mākete whānui. I taua wā, ko te rāngai tuku iho e kapi ana i te ahuwhenua oranga, ngā umanga iti kāore i te ōkawa, me ngā mahi utu iti, iti te hua.
Ko te āhuatanga matua o te takiruatanga ko te noho mai o ngā rerekētanga koi: ngā rerekētanga o te hua o te mahi, ngā rerekētanga utu, ngā rerekētanga o te urunga atu ki te mātauranga me te hauora, me ngā rerekētanga o te mana whiriwhiri i roto i te mākete mahi. Ka taea hoki te puta te takiruatanga i te taha whenua, hei tauira i waenga i ngā tāone me ngā kāinga, i waenga rānei i ngā pokapū tipu me ngā rohe kāore i te whanake.
Ngā Pūtake o te Whakaaro me ngā Tangata Hiranga
Kua kōrerohia te ariā o te takiruatanga e ētahi tohunga ōhanga whanaketanga. Ko tētahi o ngā mea tino rongonui ko te tauira rāngai-rua a W. Arthur Lewis (1954), e whakamārama ana i te whakawhiti mai i te rāngai tuku iho ki te rāngai hou. I whakaahua a Lewis i te rāngai tuku iho—ina koa ko te ahuwhenua—he nui te mahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he iti noa te takoha a ētahi kaimahi i taua rāngai ki te putanga; ki te neke rātou ki te rāngai hou, kāore e tino heke te whakaputanga ahuwhenua. Kātahi ka mimitihia e te rāngai hou tēnei mahi, ā, ka akiaki i te kohikohinga whakapaipai mā te haumi.
Haunga a Lewis, he maha atu anō ngā kaitātari whakaaro kua whakanui i te takiruatanga. Ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te takiruatanga hei taonga tuku iho koroni: i whakawhanakehia ētahi rohe hei pokapū tango rauemi, hei pokapū hokohoko rānei, ko ētahi i mahue iho. Ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te takiruatanga whakahaere, arā, ngā rerekētanga o ngā ture, ngā mana whenua, me te urunga atu ki te tiakitanga ture i waenga i ngā rāngai ōkawa me ngā rāngai kore ōkawa.
Ngā Āhua o te Takiruatanga Ōhanga
Ka puta te takirua ōhanga i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake i roto i ngā āhua e whai ake nei:
1. Te Takirua ā-Rohe
Ka puta tēnei ina tere te tipu o ngā rāngai ahumahi me ngā rāngai ratonga o ēnei rā, engari kāore ngā rāngai ahuwhenua, ngā rāngai pakihi tuku iho rānei e kite i ngā pikinga hua rite tonu. Nō reira, he maha ngā kaimahi e mauheretia ana i roto i ngā rāngai hua iti.
2. Te Takiruatanga Whenua
Kei ngā tāone nui, kei ngā rohe motuhake rānei te tipu, engari kei muri ngā tāone taiwhenua me ngā rohe taha. Ko ngā hanganga, te mātauranga, me te hauora kei waenganui tonu, ā, ka whānui ake te rerekētanga o te rawa.
3. Te Takirua o te Mākete Mahi
E kitea ana tēnei i roto i ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te mahi ōkawa me te mahi kore ōkawa. He nui ake ngā utu, te pumau o te mahi, me te haumarutanga pāpori e tukuna ana e te rāngai ōkawa. He rerekē, he maha ngā wā ka ngoikore te rāngai kore ōkawa, kāore he haumarutanga moni whiwhi, ā, he iti noa te tiakitanga.
4. Te Takirua o te Hangarau me te Pūtea
Ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene hou ngā mīhini, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me te hangarau matihiko. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaitākaro tuku iho ki ngā taputapu māmā me te iti o te urunga pūtea. Ka hua ake tēnei he whānui haere te āputa hua.
Te Tikanga o te Takiruatanga
Kāore te takirua ōhanga e puta "i te taiao" i ngā wā katoa, engari ka puta mai i te taunekeneke o te hītori, ngā kaupapa here, me ngā hanganga pāpori. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga matua ko:
– He iti noa te mātauranga me ngā pūkenga: He uaua ki ngā kaimahi o te rāngai tuku iho te uru atu ki te rāngai hou nā te mea kāore i tutuki i a rātou ngā tohu mātauranga.
– Ngā arai nekehanga: Ka ārai pea ngā utu hekenga, te iti o ngā mōhiotanga, me ngā āhuatanga pāpori-ahurea i te nekehanga o ngā kaimahi mai i te taiwhenua ki te tāone nui, mai i te kore ōkawa ki te ōkawa rānei.
– Te kukū o te haumitanga: Ka rere te whakapaipai me te haumitanga ki ngā wāhi me ngā rāngai kua whai hua kē, ka whakakaha ake i te tipu kore taurite.
– Ngā umanga kore-whakauru: Mā te ngoikore o ngā mana pupuri whenua, te iti o te urunga atu ki te nama, me te pūnaha raihana ka uaua te whakawhanake i ngā kaiwhakaari ōhanga iti.
– Te hanganga mākete kore taurite: He iti te tūranga whiriwhiri a ngā kaitākaro iti i roto i te mekameka tuku, hei tauira, ko ngā kaimahi pāmu te hunga takawaenga, ngā kamupene nui rānei.
Te Pānga o te Takirua ki te Whanaketanga
He whānui ngā pānga o te takirua ōhanga ki ngā whenua whakawhanake:
1. Te Tauritekore o te Whiwhinga Moni
He nui ngā whiwhinga moni a ētahi rōpū e puta mai ana i te rāngai hou, ko te nuinga ia o ngā kaimahi e noho tonu ana i ngā mahi utu iti.
2. Te Kore Mahi Huna me te Hua Iti
He nui te hunga mahi e "huna" ana i roto i ngā mahi kāore e tino whai hua ki te whakaputa hua, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi ahuwhenua mō te oranga tonutanga, i ngā umanga moroiti rānei.
3. Te Tere o te Noho Tāone me ngā Raru o te Tāone
Nā te kore ōrite o ngā whai wāhitanga ka heke te iwi ki ngā tāone nui. Ki te kore ngā tāone nui e rite mō rātou, ka puta ake ngā raruraru, tae atu ki ngā wāhi paru, te pūngao o ngā waka, me te pēhanga ki ngā ratonga tūmatanui.
4. Te Tipu Kore-Whakauru
Ahakoa te pikinga o te GDP, kāore ngā painga e tino pā ki te hunga rawakore. Ka ara ake pea tēnei i ngā raruraru pāpori me ngā raruraru tōrangapū.
Te Arotake i te Ariā Dualism
Ahakoa tōna whai huatanga, he iti anō hoki ngā herenga o te ariā takirua. Tuatahi, he tino māmā rawa te wehewehenga i waenga i te "tūturu" me te "hou", i ētahi wā, i runga i te kanorau o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. He maha ngā pakihi iti e auaha ana engari e noho koretake ana, ko ētahi he iti te hua. Tuarua, e whakaaro ana te tauira a Lewis ka taea e te rāngai hou te mimiti tonu i te mahi, engari i roto i te ōhanga hou, ka taea e te aunoatanga te whakaiti i te tono mahi. Tuatoru, ko te whakaurunga ā-ao ko te tikanga kei roto i te whenua te takirua engari e pā ana ki te tūranga o te whenua i roto i te mekameka uara o te ao.
Ngā Kaupapa Here hei Whakatika i te Takiruatanga Ōhanga
Hei whakaiti i te takiruatanga, me whai rautaki whanaketanga e aro nui ana ki te panonitanga hanganga me ngā whai wāhitanga ōrite. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa here e taunakihia pinepinetia ana ko:
1. Te Whakanui Ake i te Hua o te Ahuwhenua me te Taiwhenua
Mā ngā haumitanga ki te whakamakuku, ki ngā purapura pai, ki te urunga atu ki ngā tongi, ki ngā ratonga toronga, me ngā hanganga whakahaere ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua me te moni whiwhi a ngā kaimahi pāmu.
2. Mātauranga me te Whakangungu Pūkenga
Mā te whakapakari i te mātauranga taketake mā te whakangungu mahi ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi ki te neke ki ngā rāngai whai hua. He mea nui ngā kaupapa whakahou pūkenga kia kore ai ngā kaimahi e mahue i muri i ngā huringa hangarau.
3. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hanganga Taurite
Mā ngā rori, te hiko, te ipurangi, me te kawe iwi ka whakaitihia ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe, ka tuwhera hoki te urunga atu ki te mākete mō ngā wāhi kāore anō kia whakawhanakehia.
4. Te Whakahoutanga o ngā Whare me te Urunga Pūtea
Mā te ngāwari o te raihana, te tiakitanga ture mō ngā pakihi iti, me te urunga atu ki ngā nama iti me ngā pūtea mō ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi iti (MSME) ka akiaki i te aranga ake o te rāngai tuku iho.
5. Te Ahumahi me te Waihanga Mahi Kounga
Mā ngā kaupapa here ahumahi e whakatenatena ana i te hanga uara tāpiri me te tukatuka i ngā hua o muri mai ka taea te waihanga mahi ōkawa. Heoi anō, me taurite ēnei ki ngā paerewa mahi me te tiakitanga hapori.
6. Te Tiakitanga Hapori me te Taurangi Mahi
Mā ngā kaupapa inihua hauora, ngā whakawhiti moni kua tohua, te inihua kore mahi, me te tautoko i ngā kaimahi kāore i te whaimana ka whakaiti i te ngoikore o ngā rōpū rawakore i te wā e puta ai te huringa ōhanga.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā o te takiruatanga ōhanga ka mārama he aha te koretake o te tipu o te nuinga o ngā whenua whakawhanake. Ko te noho tahi o ngā rāngai hou me ngā rāngai tuku iho ka puta he rerekētanga i roto i te hua, te moni whiwhi, me te whai wāhitanga. Ehara i te mea he take ōhanga noa iho te takiruatanga; e pā ana hoki ki te hītori, te hanganga pāpori, me te kounga o ngā umanga.
Hei whakatika i tēnei, me whakatairanga ngā whenua whakawhanake i te whakarerekētanga hanganga whānui: te whakanui ake i te hua o ngā rāngai tuku iho, te whakawhānui ake i te urunga atu ki te mātauranga me ngā hanganga, te whakapai ake i ngā umanga, me te waihanga mahi whai hua. Ina taea te whakawhāiti i te takiruatanga, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te tipu ōhanga ki te whakapai ake i te oranga o te hapori whānui.
