Te Tauira a Lewis mō te Hurihanga Hanganga o te Ōhanga
Ko te tauira Lewis mō te panonitanga ōhanga hanganga he anga matarohia i roto i te ōhanga whanaketanga e whakamārama ana me pēhea te neke a tētahi whenua whakawhanake mai i tētahi ōhanga tuku iho, e ahu mai ana i te ahuwhenua ki tētahi ōhanga hou, e ahu mai ana i te ahumahi. I whakaurua tēnei tauira e W. Arthur Lewis i te tau 1954 i roto i tana mahi ko te taitara ko te Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor. He māmā noa iho tōna ariā matua engari he kaha: ka puta te whanaketanga ina whakawhitia te mahi "tāpiri" mai i te rāngai tuku iho ki te rāngai hou e whai hua ake ana, ā, ka piki ake te putanga o te motu, ka taea ai te tukanga ahumahi pumau.
Papamuri: Te Takiruatanga Ōhanga
Ka tīmata a Lewis i tana tātaritanga me te meka he maha ngā whenua whakawhanake he hanganga ōhanga "wehewehe" (rua). I tētahi taha ko te rāngai tuku iho—ko te nuinga he ahuwhenua oranga me ngā mahi ōkawa—me te iti o te hua, te hangarau māmā, me te āhua ki te kore e piki haere ngā moni whiwhi a ngā kaimahi. I tētahi atu taha ko te rāngai hou—te hangahanga, ngā māra arumoni, te keri maina, me ngā ratonga ōkawa—e whakamahi ana i ngā hangarau matatau ake, te nui ake o te whakapaipai, te nui ake o te hua, ā, e kohikohia ana ki ngā tāone nui.
He mea nui tēnei takirua nā te mea ka nui ngā rerekētanga utu me te hua. Heoi, ko te mea tino nui o te tauira a Lewis ko te noho o te mahi tāpui i roto i te rāngai tuku iho. Ko te tikanga o te mahi tāpui he iti noa iho te takoha tāpiri ki te whakaputanga (hua taha), tata ki te kore. Mena ka neke ētahi o ēnei kaimahi ki te rāngai hou, kāore e tino heke te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, engari ka whai hua te ōhanga whānui nā te mea he nui ake te putanga e puta mai ana i roto i te rāngai hou.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua o te Tauira Lewis
Kia mahi ai te tikanga whakarerekētanga hanganga e ai ki tā Lewis i whakaahua ai, e whakamahi ana tēnei tauira i ētahi whakaaro taketake:
1. He nui te mahi a te rāngai tuku iho. E kiia ana he tino iti te hua taha o te mahi i roto i te ahuwhenua oranga. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakawhiti mahi ki te rāngai hou me te kore e tino whakaiti i te putanga tuku iho.
2. He teitei ake, he pumau hoki ngā utu i roto i te rāngai hou i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga. Ko ngā utu hou ka whakatakotoria ki runga ake i te taumata oranga hei kukume i ngā kaimahi mai i ngā tāone nui ki ngā tāone nui, hei utu i ngā utu hekenga, hei utu hoki i te mōrearea o te kore mahi i roto i ngā tāone nui. Nā te nui o te tuku mahi i roto i ngā tāone nui, kāore ngā utu hou e piki tonu.
3. Ka whakangaohia anō ngā hua o te rāngai hou. Koinei te "mīhini" o te tipu i roto i te tauira a Lewis. Ka whiwhi ngā kaipupuri pūtea o te rāngai hou i ngā hua mai i te rerekētanga i waenga i te hua me ngā utu, kātahi ka whakangao anō i aua hua hei whakawhānui i te kaha whakaputa me te mimiti i te nui ake o te mahi.
4. He tipu ā-pūpū te tipu o te rāngai hou. Ka whakanuia te whakapaipai e te haumitanga, ka whakawhānui ake i te whakaputanga, ka whakapiki ake hoki i te tono mō ngā kaimahi, ka akiaki i te hekenga mai i te rāngai tuku iho. Ka mahi anō tēnei tukanga.
I raro i tēnei whakaaro, ka huri te whanaketanga hei tukanga whakarerekētanga hanganga: ka heke te wāhi o ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua, ka piki ake te wāhi o ngā mahi me ngā putanga ahumahi. Ka piki ake te noho tāone, ka piki ake te hua toharite, ā, ka piki ake te moni whiwhi mō ia tangata.
Tikanga Whakawhiti: Mai i te Kāinga ki te Tāone
Ka taea te whakamārama i te tukanga whakarerekētanga i roto i te Tauira Lewis penei. I te tīmatanga, he nui ngā mahi i roto i te rāngai tuku iho. Ka tukuna e te rāngai hou he utu teitei ake i te moni whiwhi oranga, ka akiaki i ngā kaimahi taiwhenua ki te heke ki ngā tāone. Nā te mea he nui tonu ngā mahi i roto i te rāngai tuku iho, kāore tēnei hekenga e whakaiti i te whakaputanga ahuwhenua. I taua wā, ko ngā kaimahi e neke ana ki te rāngai hou ka whakaputa hua nui ake nā te mea e mahi ana rātou me te whakapaipai me te hangarau whai hua ake.
Ka piki ake te whakaputanga o te rāngai hou, ka piki ake ngā hua, ā, ko te nuinga o taua hua—e ai ki te whakaaro o Lewis—ka whakahokia anō ki ngā mīhini, ki ngā wheketere, ki ngā hanganga, ki te whakawhānui pakihi rānei. Mā tēnei whakawhānui ka piki ake te hiahia mō ngā kaimahi hou, ā, ka nui ake te hunga mahi taiwhenua e mimiti ana. I tēnei wā, ka tere te tipu o te ōhanga me te kore he pēhanga utu nui i roto i te rāngai hou, i te mea kei te wātea tonu te "tuku mutunga kore" o ngā kaimahi taiwhenua.
Arā, e whakanui ana te tauira Lewis i te hiranga o te kohikohinga pūtea mā te haumi anō i ngā hua. Ehara i te mea ko te whanaketanga anake te nekehanga o ngā kaimahi mai i te ahuwhenua ki te ahumahi, engari ko te waihanga hoki i ngā tukanga pūtea ā-roto mō te whakawhānui ake i te rāngai hou.
Te Wāhi Hurihanga o Lewis
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā rongonui o tēnei tauira ko te pūwāhi hurihanga a Lewis. Ka puta tēnei pūwāhi ina tīmata te pau o ngā kaimahi tāpiri i roto i te rāngai tuku iho. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, mā te hekenga atu ki te tāone nui ka tino whakaiti i te putanga ahuwhenua, nā te mea kua pai kē te hua taha o te mahi ahuwhenua, ā, kāore e tata ki te kore.
Ina tae ki te wā e huri ai te ao, kāore te tukunga o ngā kaimahi iti te utu ki te rāngai hou e "mutunga kore". Nō reira, ka tīmata te piki tere o ngā utu i roto i te rāngai hou i te whakataetae a ngā kamupene mō ngā kaimahi. E rua ngā pānga nui o tēnei pikinga utu:
1. Ka heke ngā hua o te rāngai hou mēnā kāore e piki ake te hua i runga i te tika. Tērā pea ka whakaroahia te tere o te haumitanga me te whakawhānui.
2. Ka piki ake te mana hoko a ngā kaimahi. Ka taea e tēnei te whakapiki i te tono ā-whare, te whakaoho i te tipu o te rāngai ratonga, me te huri i ngā tauira kai a ngā kaihoko.
He maha ngā tātaritanga whanaketanga hou e whakamahi ana i tēnei ariā hei mārama ki ngā whanaketanga utu i ngā whenua e tere haere ana te ahumahi. Hei tauira, e kī ana ētahi rangahau i pāngia a Haina e te huringa Lewis i te tīmatanga o te pikinga o ana utu hangahanga i te hekenga o te maha o ngā kaimahi taiwhenua i kaha ki te heke.
Ngā Takoha Nui o te Tauira Lewis
E kiia ana te tauira Lewis he mea nui nā ēnei ariā:
– Whakamāramahia te panonitanga hanganga hei kaupapa matua o te whanaketanga. Ehara i te mea ko te whakapiki i te GDP anake te kaupapa o te whanaketanga, engari ko te neke hoki i te hanganga o te whakaputa me te hunga mahi ki ngā rāngai whai hua ake.
– Ka aro nui ki te whanaungatanga haumi-hua-whanui. E whakanui ana tēnei tauira i te te tūranga o te kohikohinga whakapaipai me te whakangao anō i ngā hua hei mimiti i te mahi.
– Te hono i te hekenga mai, ngā utu, me te mahi tāpui. Mā te tauira Lewis ka mārama ki te noho tāone me te tipu o te rāngai ōkawa. i roto i te horopaki o ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Te Whakahē me ngā Here
Ahakoa tōna awe, kāore te Tauira Lewis i te kore he hunga whakahē. Tuatahi, ko te whakaaro he nui tonu te toenga o ngā mahi i roto i te rāngai tuku iho kāore i te tino tika. I roto i te maha o ngā rohe ahuwhenua, kāore pea ngā mahi i te "whakaahua kore mahi" nui, engari he mea here ki te wā tipu, ki ngā pūkenga ā-rohe, me ngā hiahia pāpori o te whare. Tuarua, kāore ngā hua katoa mai i te rāngai hou e whakangaohia anō ki roto i te whare; ko ētahi ka kaweake, ka penapena, ka whakamahia rānei mō te kai papai, nō reira kāore te miihini o te whakawhānui e mahi aunoa.
Tuatoru, kāore tēnei tauira e aro nui ana ki te kore mahi i roto i ngā tāone. Inaa, ka taea e te hekenga tangata te tere ake i te kaha o te rāngai hou ki te mimiti i te mahi, ka puta ake he rāngai nui kāore i te whaimana i roto i ngā tāone. Tuawhā, kāore i te teitei tonu te hua o te rāngai hou mena he nui te mahi a ngā ahumahi e tipu haere ana, he iti te utu, ā, he iti hoki te hangarau. Tuarima, he mea nui anō hoki ngā umanga, ngā kaupapa here, te mātauranga, me ngā hanganga, engari kāore ēnei mea i te kōrerohia hohonu i roto i te tauira Lewis.
Te Hiranga mō te Kaupapahere Whakawhanake
Ahakoa ōna herenga, he mea nui tonu te Tauira Lewis hei anga tīmatanga mō te whakaaro ki ngā rautaki whanaketanga. Ko ngā kaupapa here e hangai ana ki te wairua o Lewis e aro nui ana ki: te waihanga mahi whai hua i roto i te rāngai hou, te whakapai ake i te āhuarangi haumi, te whakawhanake i ngā hanganga, te whakarei ake i ngā pūkenga kaimahi, me te whakapakari i ngā hononga ahumahi ki te rāngai ahuwhenua hei ārai i te kore taurite rawa.
I taua wā anō, e whakaatu ana ngā wheako o ngā whenua maha he nui atu i te whānui noa iho o ngā ahumahi te hiahia mō te panonitanga hanganga angitu. E hiahiatia ana te urunga tika ki te mātauranga me te hauora, tae atu ki ngā kaupapa here whakaputa hua ahuwhenua me te ahuwhenua hei ārai i te hekenga mai i te hanga rawakore hou ki te tāone. Ko te panonitanga hauora he panonitanga e whakanui ana i te hua o ngā rāngai e rua i te wā kotahi.
Te Katinga
Mā te tauira Lewis mō te panonitanga ōhanga hanganga ka tukuna he whakamārama matarohia mō te tipu o ngā whenua whakawhanake mā te nekehanga o te mahi mai i ngā rāngai tuku iho ki ngā rāngai hou. Mā te whakamahi i te mahi tāpui, ngā utu hou pumau, me te haumitanga anō o ngā hua, ka whakaatuhia e te tauira te ahumahi hei tukanga whakaemi ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua me te moni whiwhi ā-motu. Ka whakaratohia hoki e te ariā o te pūwāhi tahuritanga Lewis he tirohanga nui hei tautuhi i te wā ka tīmata te ōhanga ki te kite i ngā pikinga utu tere me ngā huringa o ngā whanaketanga tipu. Ahakoa kāore i te tino tika, he tūāpapa nui tonu te tauira Lewis mō te ako i ngā ōhanga whanaketanga me ngā matapakinga kaupapa here mō te panonitanga ōhanga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua.
