Te Hononga i waenganui i te Ōhanga me te Ture
I roto i te ao hou, he ao e rua e hono tahi ana, e kore e taea te wehe i te ōhanga me te ture. E pā ana te ōhanga ki te tohatoha o ngā rauemi iti hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te tangata, ko te ture ia e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga me ngā umanga tangata kia pai ai te noho tahi, kia tika, kia matapaetia hoki. E kitea ana te hononga i waenga i te ōhanga me te ture i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā: ina hainatia e ngā tāngata ngā kirimana mahi, ina whakatakotohia e ngā pakihi ngā utu me te whai i ngā ture whakataetae, ina kohia rānei e ngā kāwanatanga ngā taake hei putea i ngā ratonga tūmatanui. Ko te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā mea e rua e hanga ana i te āhuarangi pakihi, te oranga hapori, me te ahunga o te whanaketanga o te iwi.
Te Ture hei "anga" mō ngā mahi ōhanga
Kāore ngā mahi ōhanga e tū motuhake ana. Me mārama ngā ture e hiahiatia ana e ngā mākete hei whakarite i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga haumaru me te whai hua. Koinei te wāhi e mahi ai te ture hei anga, e hanga ana i te tino māramatanga: ko wai te kaipupuri o tētahi taonga, me pēhea te hokohoko, he aha ngā hua ka puta mēnā ka takahia e te taha kē tētahi oati, me pēhea te whakatau i ngā tautohe. Ki te kore he ture mārama, ka piki ake ngā utu whakawhitiwhitinga nā te mea me matapae ia taha i te tūponotanga o te tinihanga, te korenga o te utu, ngā tautohe rānei.
Ko te ariā o ngā mana whenua he tauira taketake. Mēnā ka tiakina ngā mana whenua, ngā whare, ngā taonga hinengaro rānei, ka nui ake te whakatenatena i te tangata ki te haumi me te whakapiki i te uara o ēnei rawa nā te mea he ngāwari ake te hopu i ngā hua. I tetahi atu taha, ki te ngoikore te tiakitanga, ka āwangawanga ngā kaiwhakahaere ōhanga ki te haumi, ka whiriwhiri i ngā mahi poto, ka neke rānei i ngā pakihi ki ngā wāhi haumaru ake. Nō reira, ehara te ture i te taputapu akiaki noa iho, engari he whakaritenga mō te whanaketanga o ngā mākete hauora.
He pānga ā-ōhanga ki te hanganga me te whakarerekētanga o ngā ture
He rerekē anō hoki te mahi a te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te ture. He maha ngā wā ka akiakihia ngā ture kia urutau nā ngā panonitanga o ngā hanganga ōhanga. Hei tauira, nā te putanga mai o te ōhanga matihiko kua akiakihia ngā ture mō te tiaki raraunga whaiaro, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga hiko, ngā waitohu matihiko, tae atu ki ngā ture tāke mō ngā papaaho ipurangi. Ina tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā tauira pakihi hou i ngā ture, ka puta he "kore ture" ka taea te whakamahi hei whai hua me te kore he tiaki tika mō ngā kaihoko, mō ngā kaimahi rānei.
I tētahi atu taha, ka awe anō hoki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga i te ahunga o ngā kaupapa here ture o tētahi whenua. I te wā o te raruraru, ka taea e te kāwanatanga te whakaputa ture e whakarato ana i te wāhi mō te whakahounga nama, te whakaroa i ngā utu, ngā kaupapa here whakaohooho rānei e hiahia ana ki te tautoko ture. I ngā wā o te pikinga utu nui, ko ngā kaupapa here utu, ngā tautoko, ngā whakatikatika utu iti rānei ka haere tahi me ngā tikanga ture mō te whakatinanatanga ture. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko ngā hihiri ōhanga te pūtake matua o te whakahoutanga ture.
Ture kirimana me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga maeneene
Ko tētahi o ngā hononga tino kitea i waenga i te ōhanga me te ture ko te ture kirimana. He kupu whakaari ture ngā kirimana, te pūtake o te hokohoko hou: ngā hoko, ngā rīhi, ngā hononga pakihi, ngā nama peeke, tae atu ki ngā kaupapa hanganga kāwanatanga. Mai i te tirohanga ōhanga, ka taea e ngā kirimana te tiritiri mōrearea, te whakamahere utu, me te haumarutanga moni whiwhi ā muri ake nei. Mai i te tirohanga ture, ka whakaratohia e ngā kirimana he huarahi hei whakamana i ngā herenga me te whakarato i tētahi tikanga mō te whakatau i ngā tautohe.
Ina pai te mahi a te ture kirimana—hei tauira, mā roto i ngā paerewa mārama mō te taunakitanga, ngā kōti whai hua, me ngā whakataunga whai mana—ka piki ake te whakawhirinaki, ka heke iho hoki ngā utu tauwhitinga. Kāore e hiahiatia ana e ngā pakihi te whakapau moni nui hei whakarite i ngā tauwhitinga. I tetahi atu taha, ina ngoikore te whakatinanatanga o te kirimana, ka taea te whakararu i te ōhanga: ka kore e pai ngā kaipupuri moni ki te mahi tahi me ngā hoa mahi ā-rohe, ka piki ake ngā nama kino, ā, ka horapa ngā mahi "utu wawe" nā te kore e mau te haumaru.
Te whakataetae pakihi, te monopoli, me te whai huatanga o te mākete
Ka akiakihia e ngā mākete whakataetae te auahatanga, te whai huatanga, me ngā utu tika ake mō ngā kaihoko. Heoi anō, ka hinga pea ngā mākete ina whakamahia kinotia e ngā pakihi nui tō rātou mana mākete mā roto i ngā kātere, ngā monopoli, ngā mahi utu kaipahua rānei. Kei te wātea te ture whakataetae hei whakarite i te whakataetae tika me te ārai i te kino ki te marea.
Mai i te tirohanga ōhanga, ka āraihia e ngā aukati kārtel ngā whakaaetanga utu e hua ake ai he utu nui ake mō ngā kaihoko. Ka āraihia e ngā aukati mana motuhake me te tirotiro whakakotahitanga te kukū nui rawa o te mākete. Heoi, me āta whakaaroaro te whakatinanatanga o te ture whakataetae ki te tātari ōhanga. Ehara i te mea he kino katoa te mana o te mākete; i ētahi wā ka puta te mana mai i te auahatanga, i te whai huatanga rānei e tino whai hua ana. Nō reira, ko te tikanga, ka whakakotahi ngā mana whakataetae i tētahi huarahi ture me ngā aromatawai ōhanga, pērā i te tātari i te hanganga mākete, ngā arai ki te whakaurunga, me te pānga ki te oranga o ngā kaihoko.
Te ture, ngā taake, me te tohatoha oranga tangata
He taputapu anō hoki te ture a te kāwanatanga hei ārahi i te ōhanga ki ngā whāinga pāpori. Ko te taake tētahi tauira pai: mā roto i ngā ture taake, ka kohia e te kāwanatanga he moni mō te mātauranga, te hauora, ngā hanganga, me te tiaki hapori. Ka taea e ngā kaupapa here taake te tohatoha anō—hei tauira, ngā reiti ahu whakamua—hei whakaiti i te kore taurite. Heoi, mai i te tirohanga ōhanga, ka taea hoki e ngā taake te hanga i ngā hapa mena ka kore e pai te hoahoa, hei tauira, te whakatenatena i te karo taake, te whakakore rānei i te haumi. Koinei te wāhi e takoto ai te hiranga o te hanga ture taake tika, māmā, me te whai mana.
Haunga ngā taake, e whakaatu ana ngā ture mahi me te tiaki kaihoko i tētahi hononga tata ohaoha-ture. Ko ngā utu iti rawa, te haumarutanga pāpori, me ngā paerewa haumaru mahi e whai ana ki te tiaki i ngā kaimahi, engari e pā ana hoki ki ngā utu whakaputa me ngā whakataunga utu. Ko ngā ture tapanga kai, ngā paerewa kounga, me ngā whakaritenga mōhiohio hua e tiaki ana i ngā kaihoko engari ka piki ake ngā utu tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā kaihanga. Ko ngā tautohetohe kaupapa here e aro ana ki te kimi i te taurite i waenga i te tiakitanga me te whai huatanga, kaua ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi pito rawa atu i tētahi atu.
Te whakatinanatanga o te ture me te āhuarangi haumi
Kāore e ranea te whai ture tuhituhi; mā te hunga whakahaere ture anake e whakatau mēnā he tikanga aua ture i roto i te mahi. He tino pāngia te haumi e te mōrearea, tae atu ki te mōrearea ture. Ko te tino māramatanga o ngā whakaaetanga, te ōritetanga o ngā kaupapa here, te pono o ngā āpiha, me te kounga o te whakawā ka awe i ngā whakatau a ngā kamupene ki te whakatuwhera i ngā wheketere, ki te whakawhānui i ā rātou kaimahi, ki te whakahaere rangahau me te whanaketanga rānei.
Ki te ngoikore, ki te kore rānei e rite te whakatinanatanga o te ture, ka puta he ōhanga utu nui: ka nui ake ngā utu mō te raihana a ngā pakihi, ka pāngia e ngā hua tautohe kāore i te tino mārama, ka rapu huarahi poto rānei ka whakararu i te kāwanatanga. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e te pūnaha ture mārama me te kawenga te whakapakari i te tipu ōhanga mā te whakaiti i te mōrearea me te whakanui ake i te whakawhirinaki.
Ture hei whakatikatika mō te rahunga o te mākete
E mōhio ana te ōhanga ki te ariā o te rahunga mākete, he āhuatanga e kore ai e puta he hua whai hua, he hua ōrite rānei i ngā tikanga mākete. Hei tauira, ko ngā āhuatanga kino pēnei i te parahanga o te hau he hua e kore ai e whakaatahia ngā utu pāpori i roto i ngā utu mākete. Ki te kore he wawaotanga, ka taea tonu e ngā kamupene te parahanga i te taiao nā te mea ko te hapori te kawenga mō ngā utu. Kei reira te ture taiao hei whakatika i tēnei rahunga mā roto i ngā paerewa tukunga, ngā whakaaetanga, ngā whiu, ngā tikanga utu rānei.
Ko tētahi atu tauira ko ngā mōhiohio kore taurite, hei tauira, ina kore ngā kaihoko e tino mārama ki te kounga o tētahi hua. E hiahiatia ana e ngā ture tiaki kaihoko ētahi mōhiohio hei āwhina i ngā kaihoko kia whai whakaaro ake ki ā rātou kōwhiringa. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā ture te whakapai ake i te mahi a te mākete, kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga me te tiaki i ngā rōpū ngoikore.
Te Katinga
He whanaungatanga tauutuutu, he tino tata hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te ture. Mā te ture ka whakaratohia te tino māramatanga, te tiakitanga tika, me ngā tikanga whakatau tautohe e āhei ai te mahi ōhanga pumau. I tetahi atu taha, mā ngā huringa ōhanga ka akiaki i te whakahoutanga ture kia noho tonu te hiranga ki ngā whanaketanga hangarau, ngā tauira pakihi, me ngā hiahia o te hapori. I roto i te mahi, ko te kounga o ngā ture me te whakamana ture ka whakatau mēnā ka taea e te ōhanga te tipu whānui me te pumau.
He mea nui te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua, ehara i te mea mō ngā mātauranga anake, engari mō ngā kaipakihi, ngā kaimahi, me ngā tāngata whenua anō hoki. Me whai turanga ture pakari ngā kaupapa here ōhanga pakari, engari me whai whakaaro ngā ture whai mana ki ngā pānga ōhanga kia kore ai e puta he utu pāpori koretake. Ina mahi tahi te ōhanga me te ture i roto i te rangimarie, ka ngāwari ake te whakatutuki i te whai rawa, te tika, me te pumau o te hapori.
