Te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata i roto i te Rangahau o Mua
He tikanga matua ngā rangahau whaipara tangata i roto i ngā rangahau o mua, e whai ana ki te kimi, ki te tuhi, me te mārama ki ngā tohu o ngā mahi a te tangata mai i te wā i mua i te putanga mai o ngā tuhinga tuhituhi. Kāore i rite ki ngā keri, e aro ana ki te kohikohi raraunga hōhonu mai i te wāhi kotahi, e aro ana ngā rangahau ki te kohikohi raraunga mata whenua, ki te kohikohi raraunga nui rānei hei mahere i te horapa o ngā wāhi me ngā toenga ahurea. I roto i ngā horopaki o mua—inā kāore e wātea ana ngā mōhiohio tuhituhi—he mahi nui tā ngā rangahau hei taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakawhanake i ngā whakapae mō ngā tauira noho, te nekehanga, me te whakamahinga taiao e ngā tāngata o mua.
Te Whakamārama me te Kaupapa o te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata
I te nuinga o te wā, he mahi pūnaha te rangahau whaipara tangata hei tautuhi me te tuhi i ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata i roto i tētahi rohe. Ka taea e ēnei taunakitanga te tango i te ahua o ngā taonga tuku iho (ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā maramara uku), ngā āhuatanga (ngā toenga o te ahi, ngā rua pou), ngā mea taiao rānei (ngā wheua kararehe, ngā angaanga, ngā waro). I roto i ngā rangahau o mua, ehara te rangahau i te mea he "wāhi tirotiro" noa iho, engari he tukanga pūtaiao mō te kohikohi raraunga ā-wāhi hei whakautu i ngā pātai nui: te wāhi i noho ai ngā tāngata o mua, me pēhea tā rātou whakamahi i ngā rauemi, me te take i whiriwhiri ai rātou i ētahi wāhi.
Ko ngā whāinga o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata i roto i ngā rangahau o mua he maha ngā mea. Tuatahi, te kimi i ngā wāhi hou, kāore anō kia tuhia. Tuarua, te tuhi i te āhua o te wāhi me ngā tūmomo mōrearea ka kino pea, pērā i te horo, te whanaketanga, te keri rānei. Tuatoru, te kohikohi i tētahi mapi o te horapa o ngā toenga whaipara tangata kia mārama ai ki ngā tauira ā-wāhi. Tuawhā, te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi tino pea mō ētahi atu rangahau, tae atu ki te keri. Tuarima, te hanga i tētahi pātengi raraunga ā-rohe ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā whakataurite ā-rohe me te hanga anō i te hītori ahurea o mua i runga i te tauine whānui.
Te Rangahau hei Wāhanga Tīmatanga o te Rangahau o Mua
I roto i ngā rangahau o mua, ko ngā rangahau te taahiraa tuatahi e whakatau ana i te ahunga o ngā rangahau e whai ake nei. Nā te mea kāore i te maha ngā wā ka tohua ngā wāhi o mua e ngā hanganga whakahirahira (pērā i ngā temepara, i ngā whare pereki rānei), he maha ngā wā ka "huna" ō rātou aroaro, ka kitea noa mā te horapa o ngā taonga tuku iho i runga i te mata, ngā huringa o ngā tipu, ngā āhuatanga whenua motuhake rānei. Nō reira, he rautaki ngā rangahau hei "pānui i te whenua" me te kohikohi i ngā mōhiohio tuatahi i mua i te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakaeke atu.
Mā ngā rangahau ka taea e ngā kairangahau te waihanga i tētahi anga wā e pā ana ki ngā momo taonga i kitea. Hei tauira, ko te kitenga o ngā taputapu kirikiri, o ngā toki tapatapahi, o ngā toki kōhatu rānei ka taea te tohu i tētahi wāhanga hangarau motuhake. Waihoki, ka taea e ngā kongakonga uku te tohu i tētahi wā taitamariki ake, pērā i te wā ahuwhenua. Ahakoa me tātari taiwhanga te tau tūturu (hei tauira, te tau waro irirangi), ka whakaratohia e ngā rangahau he tohu nui hei whakatau i te horopaki tuatahi o tētahi kitenga.
Ngā Momo Rangahau Whaipara Tangata
He maha ngā āhua o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, ā, ko te kōwhiringa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whāinga rangahau, ki ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, me ngā rauemi e wātea ana.
1. Rangahau Tirotiro (arotake tuatahi)
He rangahau tuatahi tēnei hei tiki i tētahi tirohanga whānui o te rohe. Ko te tikanga, ka tirohia e ngā kairangahau te āhua o te whenua, te urunga ki te wai, te momo oneone, me ngā wāhi pea mō te nohoanga onamata. I tēnei wā, ka uiuia ngā tāngata whenua hei tiki mōhiohio mō ngā mea i kitea, ngā ana, ngā wāhi rānei e kiia ana he "tapu" ā, kei reira pea ngā toenga ahurea.
2. Arotakenga pūnaha
Ka whakahaerehia ngā rangahau i roto i tētahi tikanga kua whakaritea mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira ara motuhake (transect), hei tauira, te hikoi whakarara tetahi ki tetahi i tētahi tawhiti pumau i waenga i ngā kairangahau. Ko te whāinga kia whiwhi raraunga e whakaatu ana i ngā mea ka taea te tātari i te rahinga, pērā i te kiato o ngā taonga mō ia wāhi. He mea nui tēnei tikanga mō te ako i ngā tauira nohoanga.
3. Ngā Rangahau Kaha me ngā Rangahau Whānui
Ka tirohia e ngā rangahau kaha ngā wāhi iti engari he taipitopito, ko ngā rangahau whānui ia ka kapi i ngā wāhi nui me te iti o ngā taipitopito. I roto i ngā rangahau onamata, ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā huarahi e rua: ngā rangahau whānui hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana, kātahi ka rangahau kaha hei tūhura i ngā wāhi tino whai hua.
4. Ngā Rangahau Hangarau (pūoko mamao me te GIS)
Mā ngā whanaketanga hangarau ka taea te whakahaere rangahau mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua amiorangi, ngā whakaahua rangi, ngā waka rererangi, me te matawai LiDAR. Ka whakamahia te GIS (Geographic Information Systems) hei tukatuka i ngā raraunga ā-wāhi hei tātari tika ake i ngā tauira tohatoha o te wāhi me ō rātou hononga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. I ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu, e kapi ana rānei i te otaota matotoru, he tino āwhina tēnei hangarau ki te kimi i ngā āhua whenua (hei tauira, ngā papa whenua tūturu, ngā rua, ngā tohu ara tawhito rānei) e hono pea ana ki ngā mahi a te tangata o mua.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakatinanatanga Rangahau
Kāore ngā rangahau whaipara tangata e whakahaerehia noatia ana. He maha ngā wāhanga nui e whai wāhi ana ki ēnei.
Tuatahi, te arotake tuhinga me te mahere tuatahi. I arotakehia e ngā kairangahau ngā pūrongo rangahau o mua, ngā mahere whenua, ngā mahere whenua, me ngā mōhiohio taiao. I roto i ngā rangahau onamata, he mea nui ngā raraunga whenua hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, nā te mea ka taea te huna i ngā wāhi e te paru, te horo, te neke rānei i te horopaki e ngā tukanga taiao.
Tuarua, te whakamahere hoahoa rangahau. Mā ngā kairangahau e whakatau te rohe rangahau, te momo rangahau, te tokomaha o ngā tāngata, ngā ara whakawhiti, me ngā tikanga tuhi. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakatau i ngā kāwai o ngā kitenga, ngā whakatakotoranga puka, me ngā tikanga kohikohi taunga.
Tuatoru, ko te kohikohi raraunga i te mara. Ka neke te tīma i ngā taha whakawhiti, ka tirotiro i te mata o te whenua, ka tuhi i ngā kitenga, ka tango whakaahua, ka tuhi hoki i ngā taunga mā te whakamahi i te GPS. Mena ka kitea he kohinga taonga, ka taea te tohu i te wāhi hei wāhi, hei wāhi kitenga rānei, ā, ka taea te tuhi i ngā taipitopito.
Tuawhā, te tātari i muri i te rangahau. Ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga kua kohia hei tirotiro i te kiato o ngā kitenga, te momo taonga tuku iho, me te whanaungatanga o ngā kitenga ki ngā taurangi taiao pēnei i te tawhiti ki te awa, te teitei, te momo toka rānei e whakamahia ana hei rauemi mata mō te taputapu. I tēnei wāhanga ka puta he mahere tohatoha wāhi me ngā whakamāramatanga tuatahi o ngā tauira nekenekehanga, o ngā whatunga whakamahinga ā-wāhi rānei.
Tuarima, ngā taunakitanga mō te whai ake. Mā ngā kairangahau e whakatau mēnā he mea tika ngā mahi keri, te whakatau i te tau, te tātari taiwhanga, te tiaki rānei. I roto i te horopaki o te whakahaere taonga tuku iho, ka taea e ngā rangahau te hanga i te pūtake mō te whakatū i ngā rohe tiaki.
Te Takoha o ngā Rangahau ki te Mārama ki te Oranga o Mua
Ka āwhina pea ngā rangahau whaipara tangata ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matua o mua i te hītori. Hei tauira, ko te horapa o ngā wāhi tata ki ngā awa, ki ngā takutai moana rānei, ka tohu pea i te whakawhirinaki ki te wai me ngā puna kai. Ka tohu pea ngā kitenga ana i ngā tauira noho rangitahi, ngā wāhi karakia, ngā wāhi tanumanga rānei. Ko te nui o ngā taputapu kōhatu i roto i tētahi wāhi ka tohu pea i tētahi awheawhe hanga taputapu, inā koa mēnā ka kitea ngā pūtake, ngā maramara whakaputa, me ngā taputapu kāore anō kia oti.
I runga i te tauine ā-rohe, ka taea e ngā hua o te rangahau te whakaatu i ngā tauira nohoanga: mēnā he tangata haereere noa iho, he tangata noho noa iho, he tangata noho noa iho rānei ngā tāngata o mua. Mā ngā huringa o ngā tauira tohatoha o te wāhi i roto i te wā ka kitea hoki ngā tohu mō ngā whakawhiti ōhanga, pērā i te kaiwhai-kaikōhi ki te ahuwhenua. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā rangahau te āwhina ki te mārama ki ngā whatunga whakawhiti rauemi mata. Mēnā ka kitea he kōhatu motuhake ehara i te mea nō te rohe, tera pea he tohu tēnei mō te nekeneke tawhiti, te whakawhiti rānei i waenga i ngā rōpū.
Ngā Wero o te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata o Mua
Ahakoa te hiranga o ēnei mea, he maha ngā arai e pā ana ki ngā rangahau whaipara tangata. Ko tētahi wero nui ko te tirohanga whānui: kāore e kitea katoatia ngā taonga tuku iho i te mata. Ka taea e ngā otaota matotoru, ngā putunga oneone matotoru, ngā whanaketanga hou rānei te huna i ngā wāhi. Ka taea hoki e te horo te neke i ngā taonga tuku iho mai i tō rātou horopaki taketake, me te hiahia kia āta whakamāramahia.
Ko tētahi atu wero ko te tautuhi i ngā rohe o te papa. I roto i te maha o ngā papa onamata, ka whānui pea ngā tohatoha o ngā taonga tuku iho, ā, kāore i te mārama ngā rohe. Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi papa he "palimpsests," arā, he mahi taupatupatu mai i ngā wā rerekē, e hiahia ana kia tātarihia anō hei wehewehe i ngā paparanga wā.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā take matatika me te tiaki taiao. Me whakahaere ngā rangahau me te iti o te pānga ki te papaanga, me te whakauru i ngā hapori o te rohe. Mā te whakaputa i ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō te papaanga me te kore he rautaki tiaki ka piki ake te mōrearea o te pahua. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere mōhiohio he wāhanga o te kawenga pūtaiao.
Te Katinga
He tūāpapa nui ngā rangahau whaipara tangata i roto i ngā rangahau o mua mō te mārama ki ngā tohu o te oranga o te tangata o mua. Mā te huarahi pūnaha, ka taea e ngā rangahau te mahere i te tohatoha o ngā wāhi, te tautuhi i te pūmanawa mō ētahi atu rangahau, me te whakawhanake i ngā whakamāramatanga tuatahi o ngā tauira noho me te urutaunga o te tangata ki te taiao. Ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau pēnei i te GIS, ngā waka rererangi, me te LiDAR ka whakarei ake i ngā tikanga rangahau, engari me whai tonu he mahi mara tupato me te mārama ki te horopaki ahurea. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea ko te kimi taonga anake ngā rangahau, engari ko te pānui i te whenua o mua i te katoa - kia taea ai te hanga anō i te kōrero o ngā tāngata kāore anō kia mōhio ki te pānui me te tiaki i te pūtaiao mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
