Tātari Āhuatanga Whaipara Tangata
Ko te whaipara tangata he mahi ki te mārama ki te oranga o te tangata o mua mā roto i ngā tohu rauemi i mahue iho. Kei roto i ēnei tohu ehara i te mea ko ngā taonga tuku iho pēnei i te uku, ngā toki kōhatu, ngā whakapaipai rānei, engari ko ngā "āhuatanga" whaipara tangata anō hoki. I roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, ko te kupu "āhuatanga" e pā ana ki ngā toenga kāore e taea te tango me te kore e whakangaro i tō rātou horopaki, e mau ana ki te oneone, ki te whenua rānei. Ko te tātari i ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata he mea nui ki te hanga anō i ngā mahi, te hangarau, te whakaritenga ā-wāhi, tae noa ki ngā huringa pāpori i roto i te hapori. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata, ō rātou momo, ngā tikanga tātari, me te pehea e whakahaerehia ai te whakamaoritanga hei whakaputa i tētahi kōrero pūtaiao kaha.
Te Mārama me te Tūranga o ngā Āhuatanga Whaipara Tangata
Ko ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata he taunakitanga ā-tinana o ngā mahi a te tangata e mau tonu ana, e herea ana rānei ki te wāhi. Hei tauira, ko ngā hanganga whare, ngā poka pou, ngā papa whare, ngā awaawa, ngā puna, ngā takuahi, ngā urupā, ngā papa whenua, tae noa ki ngā toenga o ngā awa wai. Kāore i rite ki ngā taonga tuku iho, ka taea te kohikohi me te neke, me mārama ngā āhuatanga mā roto i ō rātou horopaki ā-wāhi: te tūranga, te hohonu, te whanaungatanga ki ngā paparanga oneone (stratigraphy), me te whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu kitenga.
He mea nui te tūranga o ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata nā te mea he "anga" ēnei e whakamārama ana i te mahi a te wāhi. Ka taea e ngā taonga tuku iho te whakarato i ngā tohu mō te ahurea rauemi, engari e whakaatu ana ngā āhuatanga i te whakamahinga o te wāhi: te wāhi i tunu ai te tangata, i rongoa ai i te kai, i tanu ai i ō rātou tūpāpaku, i mahi ai rānei i ngā kawa. Arā, ka āwhina ngā āhuatanga i ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te whakautu i ngā pātai "he aha te mea i tupu i konei" me "pēhea te whakaritenga o tēnei wāhi."
Whakarōpūtanga Momo Āhuatanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata i runga i tōna āhua, tōna mahi, me tōna horopaki.
1. Ngā āhuatanga o te whare me te whare noho
Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā papa o te whare, ngā kōhao pou, ngā toenga o te pakitara, ngā takuahi, ngā takuahi, me ngā wāhi tuku para. E whakaata ana ēnei āhuatanga i ngā tauira noho, te rahi o te whare, me ngā tikanga o ia rā. Hei tauira, ko te noho mai o ngā takuahi me ngā kongakonga wheua kararehe e tata ana ka tohu pea i ngā wāhi tunu kai me ngā wāhi kai.
2. Ngā āhuatanga whakaputa me te hangarau
Hei tauira, ngā oumu uku, ngā awheawhe whakarewa, ngā wāhi patu, ngā wheketere tukatuka kai rānei. He maha ngā wā ka waiho e ngā āhuatanga whakaputa he tohu pēnei i te toenga tahunga, te paru, te tae rānei o te oneone nā te wera nui.
3. Ngā āhuatanga parepare me ngā hanganga
Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā awaawa, ngā parepare oneone, ngā taiepa kōhatu, ngā rori tawhito, ngā piriti, ngā awaawa rānei. E whakaatu ana ēnei āhuatanga i te taumata o te whakaritenga pāpori, te kaha ki te whakaoho i ngā kaimahi, me ngā hiahia haumaru o te hapori.
4. Ngā āhuatanga whakapono me ngā āhuatanga kawa
Hei tauira: ngā aata, ngā whare karakia, ngā menhir, ngā dolmen, ngā wāhi tuku whakahere rānei. Ko ngā āhuatanga kawa he tauira whakaritenga motuhake, he aronga motuhake, he hononga rānei ki ngā taonga me ngā tuku whakahere tohu.
5. Ngā āhuatanga o te tangihanga
He urupā oneone, he tūpāpaku, he kāwhena kōhatu, he urupā, he wāhi tanumanga rānei. Mā te tātari i ngā āhuatanga tanumanga ka āwhina i te mārama ki te mana pāpori, ngā pūnaha whakapono, me ngā mahi mate.
Tikanga Tātari Āhuatanga Whaipara Tangata
Me āta titiro te tātari āhuatanga nā te mea kei roto i te horopaki ngā mōhiohio matua. He maha ngā tikanga nui e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
1. Te Tuhituhi me te Mahere
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tuhi taipitopito: ngā inenga, ngā mahere, ngā wāhanga, ngā whakaahua, me ngā whakaahuatanga tuhinga. I ēnei rā, he mea tino nui ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā teihana katoa, te GPS tino tika, te ine whakaahua, me te matawai LiDAR ki te whakaputa tauira 3D o ngā āhuatanga me ngā whenua. Mā te tuhinga pai ka taea te tātari anō i ngā raraunga ahakoa kua oti te keri, ahakoa kāore e kitea ngā āhuatanga.
2. Tātaritanga Papawhenua
He hononga tonu ngā āhuatanga ki ngā paparanga oneone. Ka tirotirohia e ngā kaipūtaiao whenua te raupapatanga o te whakatakotoranga: mēnā i tapahia tētahi āhuatanga e tētahi paparanga motuhake, e tētahi atu rānei. Hei tauira, ko te awaawa e tapahi ana i tētahi paparanga nohoanga tawhito e tohu ana i hangaia te awaawa i muri i te wāhanga nohoanga. Mā te stratigraphy ka taea te whakatū i tētahi rārangi wā whanaunga i mua i te taea te whakatau i te tau tuturu.
3. Tātaritanga Āhua me te Hangarau
He maha ngā tohu ahurea kei roto i te āhua me ngā tikanga hanga o ngā āhuatanga. Ka taea e ngā kōhao pou he whānui ōrite te tohu i ngā paerewa hanga. Ka taea e ngā rauemi hanga—he kōhatu, he pereki, he rakau—te whakaatu i te hangarau, te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi, me ngā whanaungatanga hokohoko. Mō ngā āhuatanga kua tahuna, mā te mātakitaki i te whakatōtika o te oneone, te pakaru wera, te ngau rānei ka āwhina i te whakamaori i te pāmahana me te kaha o te whakamahinga.
4. Te Tātaritanga o te Parataiao me te Moromorphology
I ētahi wā, kāore e kitea ngāwaritia ngā āhuatanga ki te kanohi tahanga. Mā te tātaritanga paru (te kakano, te hanganga, te tae) ka kitea mēnā i waipuketia, i tahuna rānei tētahi wāhi, i whakamahia rānei hei puranga paru i mua. Ka taea e te micromorphology—te tātaritanga o ngā wāhanga oneone angiangi i raro i te karuārai—te tautuhi i ngā tohu iti o ngā mahi pēnei i te takahanga, te para tipu, te pungarehu kua horapa rānei.
5. Te Tātaritanga Koiora-ā-Taiwhenua me ngā Toenga Ora
He maha ngā toenga rauropi kei roto i ngā āhuatanga: te waro, ngā purapura, te hae, ngā wheua, ngā angaanga rānei. Mai i ēnei, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga anō i te kai, te taiao, me ngā mahi o te wā. Hei tauira, mā te tātari i te waro mai i ngā takuahi ka kitea te momo rakau e whakamahia ana, e pā ana ki ngā tipu o te rohe, ki ngā manakohanga ahurea rānei.
6. Maramataka
Hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o tētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakamahi i te whakatau wā radiocarbon (mō te waro, ngā wheua, me ngā purapura), te whakatau wā OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) mō ngā paru, te whakatau wā whanaunga rānei mai i ngā taonga tātaritanga e pā ana. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga ka puta he wā roa ake.
Whakamārama: Mai i ngā Raraunga ki ngā Kōrero o Mua
Ka whai tikanga ngā raraunga āhuatanga hou ina whakamāramatia. Ka mahia te whakamārama mā te hono i ngā taunakitanga: te āhua o te āhuatanga, te paparanga whenua, ngā kitenga taonga tuku iho, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me ngā raraunga taiao. Hei tauira, mēnā he rarangi poka pou i roto i te tauira tapawhā rite, he papa kua whakawhāitihia, me te takuahi pokapū i tētahi wāhi, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakamārama i te noho o tētahi whare poutū, whare ā-iwi rānei. Mēnā he maha ngā kongakonga uku kua tahuna me ngā toenga ahi nui e kitea ana i tētahi wāhi, he tūponotanga kei te mahia te hanga uku.
Heoi, me āta whakaaro te whakamaoritanga, nā te mea he maha ngā mahi a te āhuatanga kotahi. Ka taea te whakamaori i tētahi kōhao nui i roto i te whenua hei puna, hei poka para, hei poka tango uku rānei. Hei whakaū i tēnei, ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā tohu pēnei i te noho mai o tētahi paparanga wai, te momo taonga tuku iho e whakakī ana i te kōhao, ngā tohu rānei o te paninga pakitara.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Tātari Āhuatanga
Ko ētahi o ngā wero e pā ana ki te tātari i ngā āhuatanga o te keri whenua ko:
– Te whakararuraru me te whakangaromanga: ka taea e ngā mahi o ēnei rā pēnei i te hanga whare, te ahuwhenua, te pahua rānei te whakakino i te āhua taketake o ngā āhuatanga.
– Te iti o te tirohanga: kāore e kitea mārama ana ngā āhuatanga katoa i runga i te mata; ko ētahi ka puta noa hei panonitanga tae o te oneone i te wā e kerihia ana.
– Ngā take tiaki taiao: he ngawari te pirau o ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi rauropi pēnei i te rakau, ā, ko ngā tohu anake he paru oneone, he kōhao rānei e toe ana.
– Te whakamāoritanga whakaaro: me mārama ngā tohunga whaipara tangata he mea awe te whakamāoritanga e ngā anga ariā me ngā wheako, nō reira me whakawhiti te whakamāoritanga ki ngā raraunga rerekē.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te tātari i ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata ki te mārama ki ngā wāhi me ngā mahi a te tangata o mua. Ko ngā āhuatanga—pērā i ngā takuahi, ngā rua pou, ngā awaawa, ngā tanumanga, me ngā awa wai—e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiotanga kāore e taea te kohikohi i ngā taonga tuku iho anake. Mā te tuhi tika, te tātari paparanga whenua, ngā rangahau parataiao me ngā rangahau rauropi, me ngā tikanga tau, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga i tētahi hanganga hou ake o te ora: te whakaritenga o te wāhi, te whanaketanga o te hangarau, me te taunekeneke a ngā hapori ki ō rātou taiao.
Hei whakamutunga, e whakaako ana ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata i a tātou kāore te hītori i tiakina noa i roto i ngā taonga iti hei whakaaturanga, engari i roto anō hoki i ngā tohu o te wāhi me te whenua i hanga i te wāhanga o te oranga tangata puta noa i te hītori. Ina āta tātarihia, ka taea e ēnei āhuatanga te huri i tētahi kohinga "tohu" hei kōrero pūtaiao e whakamārama ana i ngā takenga mai, ngā urutaunga, me ngā huringa o te ahurea tangata.
