Te Whakatau Tawhito i roto i te Arorangi
Ko te whakatau i te tau tūturu i roto i te whaipara tangata ko te ngana ki te whakatau i te tau o tētahi kitenga, paparanga oneone, kaupapa o mua rānei i roto i te wā maramataka tino tika—hei tauira, "2.500 tau ki muri" "tata ki te 500 BC–200 AD" rānei. Kāore i rite ki te whakatau tau tūturu, e whakarārangi noa ana i ngā "tawhito" me ngā "teina", ko ngā ngana ki te whakatau i tētahi tau motuhake, i tētahi whānuitanga rānei o ngā tau. I roto i te mahi, he onge te whakatutuki a ngā kaiwhaipara tangata i te tino pono tae noa ki tētahi rā, ki tētahi tau rānei me te kore he horopaki tāpiri, engari ka taea e ngā tikanga pūtaiao hou te whakatau tata i te tau me te taumata koretake e taea te ine.
He aha te hiranga o te whakaipoipo tuturu?
Ki te kore he tau tūturu, he uaua ki te hanga i ngā kōrero mō te hītori o te tangata i runga i te wā me te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rohe. Hei tauira, ka taea e tātou te whakatau i te wā i tīmata ai te whanaketanga o te hangarau ahuwhenua i roto i tētahi rohe, i te wā i puta ai he hekenga nui, i te wā rānei i whakarērea ai tētahi wāhi nā tētahi āhuatanga taiao, nā tētahi pakanga rānei. Ka āwhina hoki te tau tūturu ki te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae: i puta ngā huringa o ngā momo uku i te wā kotahi me te huringa āhuarangi? I puta te hanganga o ngā hanganga megalithic i te wā kotahi i roto i ētahi rohe, i rerekē rānei?
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te whakatau tau tūturu te pūtake mō te hono i ngā raraunga whaipara tangata ki ētahi atu kaupapa pērā i te matawhenua, te paleoclimatology, te mātauranga tangata koiora, me te hītori tuhituhi. Mā te mārama ake o ngā tatauranga whakatau tau, ka taea te "whakauru" i ngā kitenga whaipara tangata ki roto i tētahi wātaka ā-ao.
Ngā mātāpono whānui: tauira, horopaki, me te koretake
E toru ngā mea e whakatau ana i te angitu o te whakatau i te pakeketanga tuturu: te kounga o te tauira, te horopaki whaipara tangata, me te āhua o te whakahaere i te āwangawanga.
1. Te kounga o te tauira: me whai pānga te rauemi hei whakamātautau ki te kaupapa e whakatauhia ana tōna pakeke. Hei tauira, he pai ake te rakau e whakamahia ana hei hanga whare i te rakau i haria e te waipuke, ā, i muri mai ka waihotia.
2. Horopaki: me ahu mai ngā tauira i tētahi paparanga, i tētahi āhuatanga motuhake rānei (hei tauira, te mata o te papa, te kōhao pou, te urupā, te takuahi rānei) ā, kaua e whakaurua ki ngā mahi koiora, ki ngā keri tawhito, ki ngā tukanga taiao rānei.
3. Te koretake (hapa/awhe): He awhe tonu ngā hua tau tino tūturu, hei tauira, 980–1040 AD i tētahi taumata whakapono. Me whakamārama e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ēnei raraunga mā te tūponotanga, kaua hei tau kotahi, "tika".
Ngā tikanga matua mō te whakatau i te tau tūturu
1. Waro-14 (Radiocarbon)
Ko te tikanga radiocarbon tētahi o ngā tikanga tino rongonui i roto i te whaipara tangata. Ko tōna kaupapa matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pirau o te isotope waro radioactive (C-14) i roto i ngā rauemi rauropi. I a te ora o te rauropi ora, ka whakawhitiwhiti tonu ia i te waro me tōna taiao. I muri i te matenga, ka mutu tēnei whakawhitiwhiti, ā, ka tīmata te pirau o te C-14 i tētahi tere (he haurua-ora tata ki te 5.730 tau). Mā te ine i te toenga o te C-14, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te tatau i te tau o te matenga o te rauropi.
Ko ngā rauemi ka taea te whakamātautau ko te waro, te rakau, te wheua, ngā purapura, ngā papanga muka taiao, me ētahi atu toenga rauropi. Heoi, kāore te whakatau tau radiocarbon e whakarato tika i te "tau maramataka" mata; me whakatika ngā hua mā te whakatikatika nā te mea ka rerekē ngā taumata C-14 o te hau i roto i te wā. Ka mahia te whakatikatika mā te whakamahi i tētahi pihi paerewa (hei tauira, i runga i ngā mowhiti rākau).
Ngā painga o te ine i te wā irahiko waro: he whānui te whakamahinga, he roa te wā (tae atu ki ngā tekau mano tau). Ngā ngoikoretanga: he ngāwari ki te poke, me whakatikatika, ā, kāore e whai hua mō ngā rauemi tawhito rawa atu i tua atu i ngā rohe o te tikanga.
2. Dendrochronology (Nga Mowhiti Rakau)
Ka whakamahia e te Dendrochronology ngā tauira mowhiti tipu ā-tau o ngā rākau. Ka whakaatuhia e ngā rākau e tipu ana i tētahi rohe ngā tauira matotoru mowhiti e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Mā te whakataurite i ngā tauira mowhiti o ngā tauira rakau keri whenua ki ngā raupapa tohutoro ā-rohe, ka taea te whakatau i te pakeke o te rakau me te tika ā-tau, ā, i ētahi wā tae noa ki te wā.
He tino kaha tēnei tikanga ina he roa te raupapa tohutoro e wātea ana, ā, he nui ngā mowhiti o te tauira rakau. He mea nui anō hoki te dendrochronology i roto i te whakatikatika radiocarbon, nā te mea ka whakaratohia e ngā mowhiti rākau ngā rā maramataka ka taea te whakarite ki ngā hua C-14.
Ngā Here: e tika ana mō te rakau kua tiakina pai, ā, he mārama te raupapa mowhiti; kāore i te katoa ngā rohe he pātengi raraunga mowhiti rākau katoa.
3. Te Whakamāramatanga Wera (TL) me te Whakamāramatanga Whakaohoohotia e te Whatu (OSL)
Ka whakamahia te tikanga luminescence hei whakatau i te wā whakamutunga i pāngia ai tētahi kohuke e te wera nui, e te mārama rānei.
– Ko te Thermoluminescence (TL) he mea whakamahi noa mō ngā uku, ngā kōhatu rānei kua whakamahanatia (hei tauira, i te wā e tahuna ana ngā uku). Ka ine te TL i te pūngao "kua mau" i roto i ngā tioata kohuke; ina whakamahanatia i roto i te taiwhanga, ka tukuna tēnei pūngao hei māramatanga. E tohu ana i te wā mai i te tahunga whakamutunga.
– He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) mō ngā putunga onepu, paru rānei. E ine ana te OSL i te wā whakamutunga i pāngia ai ngā pata kohuke e te rā i mua i te tanumanga.
Ngā Painga o te TL/OSL: ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā mea kāore he rauemi rauropi; he pai mō te whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā paru me te mahi tahunga. Ngā Here: me tino tupato ngā tikanga tauira kia kore ai e pāngia e te mārama (ina koa ko te OSL), ā, ko te whakamaoritanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hītori o te pānga ki te taiao.
4. Te Pāhare pākawa-Ākona (K-Ar) me te Ākona-Ākona (Ar-Ar)
Ko ngā tikanga K-Ar me Ar-Ar e whakamahia ana i ngā horopaki tawhito rawa atu, me te pā ki ngā rauemi puia. Ka pirau te pāhare pākawa-40 hei argon-40. Nā te mea he hau te argon, ka "mau" i roto i ētahi kohuke i te mea ka mātao ngā toka puia. Mā te ine i te ōwehenga o te pāhare pākawa ki te argon, ka taea te whakatau i te pakeke o te toka.
He mea nui tēnei tikanga mō ngā wāhi onamata tino tawhito, inā koa ko ērā e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te tangata, nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatau i te pakeke o ngā paparanga pungarehu puia e karapoti ana i ngā kōiwi tawhito me ngā taonga tuku iho.
Ngā Painga: he pai mō ngā wā roa rawa (rau mano ki te miriona tau). Ngā Huakore: kāore e tika ana mō ngā wāhi kāore he horopaki puia; he nui ake te pānga mō te matawhenua i ngā taonga tuku iho o te awatea.
5. Raupapa-Uranium (Raupapa-U)
Mā te whakatau i te rahi o te ūraniuma ka whakamahia te pirau o te ūraniuma ki roto i ōna isotopes tamahine (pērā i te thorium). Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga hei whakatau i te rahi o te calcite i roto i ngā ana (ngā stalagmites/stalactites), te coral, ā, i ētahi wā he wheua, he niho rānei i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
I roto i te whaipara tangata, he maha ngā wā ka whai hua te raupapa-U i roto i ngā horopaki ana, hei tauira, te whakatau i te pakeke o ngā paparanga konupūmā e hipoki ana i ngā peita ana, i ngā putunga keri whenua rānei i te taha.
6. Te Arkeomagnetism me te Paleomagnetism
Ka āta huri te papa aukume o te Ao i roto i te wā. Ka taea e ngā rauemi wera (pēnei i ngā oumu, ngā ahi tahu, ngā pereki rānei) te "tuhi" i te ahunga me te kaha o te papa aukume i a rātou e whakamatao ana. Mā te whakataurite i tēnei tuhi aukume ki ngā ānau huringa geomagnetic ā-rohe, ka taea te whakatau tata i te pakeke o te tahunga.
He tino whai hua tēnei ina kei te tū tonu ngā hanganga mura i te papaanga, ā, he pai te kōpiko tohutoro geomagnetic o te rohe.
Ngā tikanga whakakotahi: te tapatoru wā
Kāore ngā tohunga whaipara tangata e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi tikanga kotahi. Hei whakapiki i te pono, ka whakakotahi rātou i ētahi tikanga, pērā i te tātaitanga waro-rauropi mai i te waro ahi, te tātaitanga OSL mai i ngā paru hipoki papa, me te dendrochronology mai i te rakau hanga. Mena ka tautokohia e ngā hua tetahi ki tetahi, ka piki ake te whakapono ki te tātaitanga. Mena ka whakahē tetahi ki tetahi, he tohu tēnei he raruraru: he poke tauira, he whakaranu paparanga, te "pānga rakau tawhito," he raruraru rānei i muri i te whakatakotoranga.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā huarahi tatauranga pēnei i te whakatauira Bayesian e whakamahia ana hei whakakotahi i ngā raraunga tau me ngā mōhiohio paparanga whenua (raupapa paparanga). Mā tēnei ka taea te whakawhāiti i te roanga o te wā me te hanga kia tino pono ake i roto i te horopaki keri.
Ngā wero noa i roto i te whakaipoipo tuturu
Ko ētahi o ngā wero e puta pinepine ana ko:
– Te poke: ka uru ngā rauemi hou ki ngā tauira tawhito (ka pērā anō rānei), ka rerekē ngā hua.
– Te raruraru o te whakaaturanga: ko te mea kua whakarārangitia te rā ko te "rauemi", ehara i te mea ko te "kaupapa" e hiahia ana tātou ki te mōhio. He tauira matarohia: ka taea e te rakau o te rākau tawhito te homai he tau tawhito atu i tōna wā i hangaia ai.
– Ngā herenga rauemi: kāore i te katoa o ngā wāhi he toenga rauropi, he rakau kua tiakina, he rauemi puia rānei.
– Te horopaki whakararuraru: ka taea e ngā mahi a ngā kararehe, ngā pakiaka, te keri anō, te waipuke rānei te neke i ngā taonga mai i tō rātou wāhi taketake.
Te Katinga
He tūāpapa nui te whakatau tau tūturu mō te whaipara tangata o ēnei rā, nā te mea ka taea te hanga anō i ngā āhuatanga o mua i roto i te wā, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamātautau. Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tikanga—te whakatau tau radiocarbon, te dendrochronology, te luminescence, te whakatau tau K-Ar/Ar-Ar, te whakatau tau raupapa-U, me te archaeomagnetism—ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatau tata i ngā tau o ngā kitenga mai i ngā rau ki ngā miriona tau. Heoi, ehara i te mea kāore he āwangawanga mō te kupu "tino tūturu". Ko te kaha o tēnei huarahi kei roto i ōna inenga pūtaiao mārama, ka taea te whakahoki, e pānuihia ana i roto i te horopaki o te stratigraphy me ētahi atu taunakitanga. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga me te aromatawai arohaehae o ngā tauira, ka āwhina te whakatau tau tūturu i a tātou ki te mārama ki te wā me te āhua o te hanga a te tangata i te ahurea, te hangarau, me te taiao kua riro mai i a tātou i ēnei rā.
