Te Whakamahinga o te Whakaahua Amiorangi i roto i ngā Tirohanga Whaipara Tangata
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau tirotiro mamao i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei kua hurihia te huarahi e kitea ai, e maherehia ai, e tiakina ai hoki e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā taonga tuku iho ahurea. Ahakoa i mua, i whakawhirinaki nui ngā rangahau whaipara tangata ki te tūhura whenua, ki ngā uiuinga hapori, me ngā kerihanga roa, inaianei kua tukuna e ngā whakaahua amiorangi he "kanohi i te rangi" e taea ai te whakaatu i ngā tauira whānui o ngā whenua tawhito. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā whakaahua amiorangi i roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata ehara i te mea ka tere ake te tukanga rapu papaanga engari ka āwhina hoki ki te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga o te papaanga, te aroturuki i ngā tūmomo mōrearea, me te hoahoa i ngā rangahau kua arotahi ake.
He aha te whakaahua amiorangi, ā, he aha i hiranga ai mō te whaipara tangata?
Ko te whakaahua amiorangi he hopunga o te mata o te Ao e hopukina ana e ngā pūoko i runga i ngā amiorangi. Ka taea e ēnei pūoko te hopu i te whānuitanga o te whānuitanga, mai i te mārama e kitea ana ki te infrared tata, te infrared ngaru poto (SWIR), me te wera. He mea tino nui tēnei mōhiohio maha-āhuatanga mō te whaipara tangata nā te mea he maha ngā tohu o ngā mahi a te tangata o mua kāore e kitea tonutia i runga i te mata engari ka pā ki ngā tipu, te makuku oneone, ngā rerekētanga pāmahana mata rānei.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, ka āwhina ngā whakaahua amiorangi ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matua: kei hea ngā wāhi nui rawa atu mō ngā kitenga, me pēhea te horapa o ngā wāhi puta noa i te whenua, me pēhea te awe o ngā huringa taiao ki te nohoanga tangata i roto i te wā. Nā te whānuitanga o te kapinga, ka taea e ngā whakaahua amiorangi te mahere ā-rohe—hei tauira, o tētahi awaawa kotahi, o tētahi rohe takutai moana, o tētahi awaawa rānei—i mua he uaua ki te whakatutuki mā te whakamahi i ngā rangahau whenua anake.
Ngā momo tohu whaipara tangata ka taea te kitea
I te nuinga o te wā, ka rapu ngā tohunga whaipara tangata i ngā "āhua rerekē," arā, ngā tauira kāore i te ōrite ki tō rātou taiao. Ka āwhina ngā whakaahua amiorangi ki te whakaatu i ngā tohu e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā tohu hua (ngā tohu i runga i ngā tipu)
Ka pāngia te tipu o ngā tipu e ngā toenga o ngā pakitara, o ngā awaawa, o ngā turanga rānei kua tanumia. Ka whakatenatenahia e te oneone mākū, momona ake rānei ngā tipu kakariki ake, ka teitei ake, engari ka āraihia e ngā hanganga toka o raro whenua ngā pakiaka, ka whakaroa i te tipu. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei rerekētanga i roto i ngā whakaahua maha-tirohanga.
2. Ngā tohu oneone (ngā tohu i runga i te whenua)
I muri i te parau, i te whenua tuwhera rānei, ko ngā rerekētanga o te tae me te kakano o te oneone he tohu pea kei reira ngā āhuatanga whaipara tangata pēnei i ngā awaawa tawhito, ngā poka pou, ngā pari rānei.
3. Ngā tohu atarangi (ngā atarangi iti)
Mā ngā rerekētanga iti o te teitei—pērā i ngā puke, ngā papa, ngā toenga o ngā pareparenga rānei—ka hangaia he atarangi ina iti te koki o te rā. Ka taea e ngā whakaahua amiorangi taumira teitei te hopu i ēnei tauira atarangi.
4. Ngā tohu makuku (ngā tohu o te makuku)
He pānga nui ngā hanganga o raro whenua ki te rere me te rokiroki o te wai. I te wā maroke, ka kitea nuitia ngā rerekētanga makuku, inā koa mā te āwhina o ngā awhi whero-whero, te tukatuka rānei i te tohu tipu.
5. Ngā tohu whenua ahurea nui
Haunga ngā taonga o te papaanga, he tino whai hua ngā whakaahua amiorangi mō te tautuhi i ngā tauira nohoanga, ngā whatunga rori tawhito, ngā awaawa whakamakuku, ngā rohe whenua, ngā pā oneone, me ngā huringa o ngā takutai moana, o ngā awa rānei e pā ana ki ngā pokapū noho.
Te tukanga mahi: mai i te whakaahua ki te wāhi rangahau
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā whakaahua amiorangi i roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata he maha ngā wāhanga e hono tahi ana:
1. Kōwhiringa raraunga
Ka whiriwhiria e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā whakaahua i runga i ā rātou whāinga: te taumira ā-wāhi (te nui o ngā taipitopito e whakaatuhia ana e tētahi mea), te taumira ā-wā (te auau o te hopunga a te amiorangi i te wāhi kotahi), me te whānuitanga kua hopukina. He āwhina ngā whakaahua taumira teitei mō te rapu i ngā hanganga iti. He mea nui te whakahou i ngā whakaahua i ia wā mō te tātari me te aroturuki i ngā huringa whenua.
2. Te tukatuka-mua me te whakatikatika
Me whakatikatika āhuahanga ngā whakaahua kia tika ai te tūnga, ā, i ētahi wā me whakatikatika mā te āhuarangi hei whakaiti i ngā pānga o te kohu, ngā rerekētanga rānei o ngā āhuatanga mārama. He mea nui tēnei mahi kia kore ai e pā kino te whakamaoritanga, kia taea ai hoki te whai i ngā taunga i te mara.
3. Te whakamārama tirohanga me te tātari matihiko
Ka taea te whakamārama ā-ringa mā te tohu i ngā tauira whakapae, engari kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā tātaritanga āwhina-rorohiko, pērā i ngā tātaitai tipu (hei tauira, NDVI), te whakarōpūtanga uhi whenua, te tātari kakano, te whakatauira rānei e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini hei kimi i ngā tauira e pūmau ana.
4. Te Whakaurunga ki te GIS (Pūnaha Mōhiohio Whenua)
Ko ngā kitenga katoa mai i ngā whakaahua amiorangi ka maherehia i roto i te GIS. Ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakauru i ētahi atu raraunga, pēnei i ngā mahere whenua, whenua, me te wai, ngā tuhinga hītori, me ngā raraunga rangahau o mua. Ka taea hoki e te GIS te tātari ā-wāhi—hei tauira, te whanaungatanga o tētahi wāhi ki ngā puna wai, te teitei, te pikinga pari, te tawhiti rānei ki ngā huarahi kawe waka.
5. Manatoko mara (whakamātautau whenua)
Mā te whakaahua amiorangi ka kitea ngā tohu, engari ehara i te mea hei whakakapi i te whakaū tika. I muri mai ka whakahaerehia e te tīma he rangahau whenua hei manatoko mēnā he āhuatanga whaipara tangata tūturu te āhuatanga rerekē, he rerekētanga taiao noa iho rānei, he mahi hou rānei. He mea nui tēnei mahi hei ārai i te whakamaoritanga hē.
Ngā painga matua mō ngā rangahau whaipara tangata
He maha ngā painga nui o te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua amiorangi:
– Te whai huatanga o te wā me te utu: ka taea te matawai i ngā wāhi nui i te tuatahi kia arotahi ake ai ngā rangahau mara.
– Ka taea te kimi i ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu: ka taea te ako mai i tawhiti i ngā repo, ngā ngahere, ngā maunga, ngā wāhi pakanga rānei.
– Te mārama ki te horopaki o te whenua: e aro nui ana te whaipara tangata o ēnei rā ki te whanaungatanga o ngā wāhi ki te taiao me ngā whatunga ā-rohe, kaua ko ngā taonga takitahi anake.
– Te aroturuki i ngā kino me ngā pahua: ka kitea ngā huringa whenua, te whanaketanga, te keri maina, ngā mahi ture kore rānei mā te whakaahua i ia wā.
– Ngā tuhinga roa: mā ngā puranga whakaahua amiorangi ka taea te whakataurite i ngā āhuatanga o te papaanga i ia tau ki ia tau.
Ngā herenga me ngā wero
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, ehara te whakaahua amiorangi i te otinga tino māmā. Ko ētahi o ōna herenga ko:
– Kapi katoa i te tipu matotoru me ngā kapua: he maha ngā wā ka kapi ngā rohe pārūrū i te kapua mō te nuinga o te tau, ā, he uaua ki te tiki whakaahua whatu mārama.
– Kāore i te rawaka te taumira i ngā wā katoa: kāore pea e kitea ngā wāhi iti, ngā āhuatanga pai rānei i ngā whakaahua taumira waenga.
– Te tūponotanga o te whakamārama hē: ka rite ngā tauira ahuwhenua, ngā rerenga wai hou, ngā āhuatanga taiao rānei ki ngā hanganga keri whenua.
– Ngā take urunga me te utu: he maha ngā wā ka utua ngā whakaahua tino kounga teitei, ahakoa kei te tipu haere tonu ngā puna raraunga kore utu.
– Ngā whakaaro matatika me te haumarutanga: mā te whakaputa i ngā taipitopito o ngā wāhi o te papaanga ka piki ake te mōrearea o te pahua, nō reira me ata whakahaere ngā raraunga.
Te ahunga whanaketanga: mai i ngā whakaahua maha-tirohanga ki ngā tātaritanga atamai
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, kei te anga whakamua te mahi keri whenua amiorangi ki tētahi huarahi whakauru. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā whakaahua maha-tirohanga me te radar e uru ana ki te kapua me te whakatauira teitei mamati ka whakarei ake i te whakamārama whenua. I taua wā tonu, ka taea e ngā tikanga ako mīhini te kimi tauira ā-aunoa i te wāhi, inā koa i ngā wāhi tino whānui. Heoi anō, me mōhio tonu te hangarau ki ngā keri whenua kia tino whai tikanga ahurea me te wā o ngā "tauira" kua kitea.
Heoi anō, ko te pikinga ake o te urunga atu ki ngā raraunga tuwhera kei te whakatairanga i te mahi tahi a ngā momo marautanga: kei te mahi tahi ngā tohunga whaipara tangata me ngā tohunga whenua, ngā kaipūtaiao tirohanga mamao, ngā kaipūtaiao rorohiko, me ngā kaitiaki taiao. Ko te mutunga mai, ehara i te mea ko te kitenga o ngā wāhi hou anake, engari ko ngā rautaki tiaki tere ake me ngā urupare tika ake ki ngā tūmomo mōrearea o te whanaketanga me te huringa āhuarangi.
Te Katinga
Kua noho te whakamahinga o ngā whakaahua amiorangi i roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata hei taputapu nui mō te mārama ki te hītori o te tangata mā roto i ngā tohu i runga i te mata o te Ao. Mā te kaha ki te kite i ngā tauira whenua nui, te kite i ngā rerekētanga o te tipu me te oneone, me te aroturuki i ngā huringa i roto i te wā, ka whakarei ake ngā whakaahua amiorangi i te tūhuratanga me te tiaki i ngā wāhi. Heoi, me titiro ki ngā whakaahua amiorangi hei wāhanga o tētahi huinga tikanga—kaua hei whakakapinga—e hiahia tonu ana ki te manatoko i te mara, te mōhiotanga horopaki, me te kawenga matatika. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakatuwherahia e tēnei hangarau tētahi whai wāhitanga nui: ka taea te whakaatu i te hītori huna me te whakaaro nui ake, te tere, me te pumau ake mō ngā reanga kei te heke mai.
