Hangarau Tangata o Mua
Ina rongo te tangata i te kupu "hangarau", ka whakaaro pinepine rātou ki ngā mīhini matatau, ki ngā rorohiko, ki te mātauranga horihori rānei. Heoi, ko te hangarau ko ngā tikanga katoa, ngā taputapu, me ngā mātauranga mahi e whakamahia ana e te tangata hei whakaoti rapanga me te ora. I roto i tēnei tikanga, he hunga auaha nui ngā tāngata o mua, nāna i whakatakoto te turanga mō te whanaketanga o te ao tūroa. I noho rātou me te kore tuhituhi, ngā wheketere, me te hiko, heoi i taea e rātou te hanga taputapu, te whakahaere ahi, te hanga whare, me te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga hopu manu me te ahuwhenua i whakarerekē ake i te hītori o te tangata.
Te mārama ki te hangarau i ngā wā onamata
Ko te hītori o mua e pā ana ki te wā i mua i te whanaketanga o te tuhituhi a te tangata. Nā te mea kāore he tuhinga tuhituhi, ka ahu mai ō tātou mātauranga i ngā taonga tuku iho pērā i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā wheua, ngā toenga kai, ngā peita ana, me ngā tohu o ngā nohoanga. Ka horapa atu te hangarau o mua i tua atu i ngā mea ā-tinana ki ngā pūkenga me ngā rautaki: me pēhea te hanga taputapu, te whiriwhiri rauemi, te hanga mahi tahi a te rōpū, me te mārama ki ngā tauira o te wā me ngā whanonga kararehe. He maha ngā wā ka puta mai te auahatanga i ngā matea tino taketake: te kai, te whare, me te oranga mai i ngā tūponotanga taiao.
Ngā taputapu kōhatu: te pūtake o ngā hangarau o mua
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino kitea o te hangarau o mua ko te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu kōhatu. He maha ngā wā ka wehea tēnei wā roa ki ngā wāhanga pērā i te Paleolithic (te Wā Kōhatu Tawhito), te Mesolithic (te Wā Kōhatu Waenga), me te Neolithic (te Wā Kōhatu Hou). I te wā o te Paleolithic, he māmā noa iho ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā tapatapahi, i ngā kongakonga kōhatu koi rānei i whakamahia hei tapahi mīti, hei tango kiri kararehe, hei tukatuka rakau rānei. I roto i te wā, ka ako te tangata ki te pai ake ki ngā kōhatu kounga teitei—pērā i te tiēre, i te obsidian rānei—nā te mea he ngāwari te wāwāhi, ā, he koi ngā taha.
Ko te hanga taputapu kōhatu i hiahiatia he tika: te patu i te kōhatu matua ki te hama i tētahi koki motuhake hei whakaputa i te maramara e hiahiatia ana. I whakaatuhia e tēnei ngā pūkenga nekeneke pai, te whakamahere, me te mārama ki te take me te pānga. I te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu, ka tino motuhake ake: ngā mata, ngā maripi kōhatu, me ngā waru. Ko te kanorau o ngā mahi taputapu i tohu i te uaua haere o te oranga tangata.
Te rangatira o te ahi: he hurihanga onamata
Kāore he hangarau o mua i nui ake te hiranga i te pūkenga ki te ahi. Nā te ahi i whakarerekē te āhua o te kai, te noho, me te taunekeneke a te tangata ki tōna taiao. Mā te ahi, ka taea e te tangata te tunu kai, ka ngawari ake, ka haumaru ake i ngā pirinoa, ā, ka māmā ake te nakunaku. Ehara i te mea ngāwari noa iho te pānga: e whakaponohia ana ko te nui ake o te kaha e kohia ana i āwhina i te whanaketanga o te roro o te tangata i roto i te wā.
I whakarato hoki te ahi i te mahana me te tiaki mai i ngā kaipahua. I ngā āhuarangi makariri, nā te kaha ki te pupuri i te ahi kia mura, ka taea e te tangata te whakawhānui ake i ō rātou rohe mahi. I tua atu, i whakamahia te ahi hei tukatuka rauemi: te whakapakeke i ngā mata rakau, te āwhina i te mahi kōhatu, ā, i muri mai ka whakawātea i te whenua me te tahu whakahaere. Arā, he hangarau maha ngā mahi a te ahi i noho hei kaupapa matua mō ngā mahi pāpori o ngā hapori o mua.
Te hangarau hopu manu me te hopu: ngā rautaki me ngā taputapu
Ko te hopu manu te mahi matua a te tangata o mua, inā koa i te wā o te kaiwhaiwhai me te kaikohi. I whanake te hangarau hopu manu mai i ngā tikanga whaiwhai me te patu māmā ki te whakamahi i ngā patu tawhiti. Nā ngā tao kōhatu, ngā tao, me ngā taputapu maka (pērā i te atlatl i ētahi ahurea) i whakanui ake te whānuitanga me te kaha o ngā whakaeke. Haunga ngā patu, i whakawhanakehia hoki e te tangata ngā mahanga me ngā mahanga hei hopu i ngā kararehe iti, ā, i whakamahia te mātauranga mō te hekenga me ngā tikanga o ngā kararehe.
He "hangarau pāpori" rite tonu te hiranga o te mahi tahi a te rōpū. Me whai wāhi tahi te hopu kararehe nui: te ārahi i ngā kararehe ki roto i ngā mahanga taiao, i ngā awaawa, i ngā wāhi whaiti rānei. Ka whakamahia e rātou te āhua whenua me ngā whanonga kararehe, e whakaatu ana ehara te hangarau i te mea tūturu i ngā wā katoa, engari he pūnaha mātauranga me ngā rautaki anō hoki.
I ngā takutai moana, i ngā taha rānei o ngā awa, i puta ake ngā hangarau hī ika: he matau wheua, he kupenga noa iho i hangaia mai i ngā muka tipu, me ngā tao maha-kōkopu. Nā te kaha ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi wai i whakarei ake i ngā kai, ā, i akiaki i te tangata kia noho ki te wāhi kotahi mō ngā wā roa.
Te kākahu me te whare noho: te urutau ki te taiao
Hei oranga mō ngā āhuarangi rerekē, i whakawhanakehia e ngā tāngata o mua ngā hangarau kākahu me te whare. Ka whakamahia te kiri kararehe hei tiaki tinana, me te āwhina o te waruwaru hei tango i te kikokiko piri me te ngira mai i ngā wheua hei tuitui. I te pai haere o te kaha ki te hanga kākahu, ka taea e te tangata te noho ki ngā rohe makariri, me te pai ake o te aro atu ki ngā huringa o te wā.
He rerekē ngā whare noho: mai i ngā ana hei piringa tūturu, ngā whare iti noa i hangaia ki ngā manga me ngā rau, ki ngā hanganga āhua-tūturu. I ētahi wāhi, kua kitea ngā taunakitanga o ngā whare porowhita me ngā anga rakau me ngā hipoki tarutaru, kiri rānei. Ko te hanganga whare noho me whiriwhiri he wāhi tika: tata ki te wai, haumaru mai i te waipuke, ā, he pai te whakamarumaru mai i te hau. E tohu ana tēnei i te whakamahere wā-waenga me te mōhio ki te taiao.
Toi me ngā tohu: ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o mua
He maha ngā wā ka kiia ngā peita ana, ngā whakairo, me ngā whakapaipai angaanga, wheua rānei he toi noa iho. Heoi, i roto i ngā horopaki o mua, ko ngā tohu he huarahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te tuakiri. He huarahi pea ngā peita hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā kararehe i whaia, ngā rohe, ngā whakapono rānei. Tērā pea he tohu mana, he rōpū, he hononga pāpori rānei ngā whakapaipai. Nā te kaha ki te kawe i te tikanga mā roto i ngā tohu i āwhina ki te whakapakari i te kotahitanga rōpū, me te tiaki ā-kore i te mātauranga.
Ahakoa ehara i te mea "whai hua" ngā hangarau pērā i te toki me te tao, he auahatanga hinengaro ngā toi me ngā tohu i whakatairanga i ngā ahurea uaua. He taahiraa nui tēnei ki te whakapakari i ngā reo hanganga, ā, i te mutunga, ki ngā pūnaha tuhituhi i ngā wā o mua.
Neolithic: te ahuwhenua me te hurihanga hangarau
I puta ngā huringa nui i te wā Neolithic i te tīmatanga o te nekehanga o te tangata mai i te hopu manu me te kohikohi ki te mahi ahuwhenua me te whakatipu kararehe. He hangarau te ahuwhenua i whakarerekē i te whanaungatanga o te tangata ki te taiao: kāore i te kohikohi noa te tangata i ngā mea e wātea ana, engari ka tīmata ki te whakaputa kai. I whakatō rātou i ngā witi, i tiaki i ngā hua whenua, ā, i whakatupu kararehe pērā i te koati me te kau.
Nā tēnei whakawhiti i ara ake ai ngā mahi auaha hou: ngā taputapu kōhatu kua whakakoihia pai pērā i ngā toki tapawhā mō te tua rākau, ngā karao māmā mō te parau i te oneone, me ngā ipu rokiroki. Nā te kaha ki te penapena hua i whakatenatena te hanganga o ngā kāinga kua nohoia. Nā tēnei i mārama ake ai te wehenga o te mahi: ko ētahi i mahi pāmu, ko ētahi i hanga taputapu, ko ētahi i hanga whare, ko ētahi i tiaki kararehe.
Heoi anō, i puta mai anō ngā wero i te ahuwhenua: te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wā o te tau, te mōrearea o te korenga o te hua, me te pikinga ake o ngā mate nā te kikī o ngā nohoanga. Hei whakatika i ēnei wero, i whakawhanakehia e te tangata ngā hangarau mō te whakahaere kai, te whakahaere wai, me ngā tauira mahi tahi. I tēnei wā, ehara i te mea he huarahi oranga noa iho te hangarau, engari he pūnaha e whakahaere ana i te oranga pāpori.
Te mahi uku me te rokiroki: te whakahaere rauemi
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi auaha nui o te wā Neolithic ko te uku. I hangaia te uku, kātahi ka tahuna hei hanga ipu pakari mō te tunu kai me te penapena kai. Nā te uku i āwhina te penapena i ngā witi, te wai, me ngā hua tukatuka. He pānga nui tēnei ki te haumarutanga kai, inā koa i ngā wā maroke, i te wā rānei he uaua te hopu manu.
Haunga ngā oko uku, i whanake anō hoki ngā kete i hangaia mai i ngā muka tipu raranga. I hiahiatia he āta tiaki me te whakaaro hanganga mō ngā tikanga raranga. Mā roto i ēnei ipu, ka taea e te tangata te kawe, te ine, me te penapena, ā, nā ēnei katoa i whakakaha ake te ōhanga e hangai ana ki te whakaputa.
Te tīmatanga o te mahi whakarewa: mai i te kōhatu ki te whakarewa
I te mutunga o te hītori o mua, i roto i ngā rohe maha, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whiwhi konganuku, ko te nuinga he parahi, kātahi ko te parahi me te rino. Kāore i puta tēnei i te wā kotahi puta noa i te ao, engari i te nuinga, ko te mahi konganuku he tohu i tētahi pikinga nui: ka kaha ake, ka roa ake te mau o ngā taputapu me ngā patu. He uaua te tukanga: te keri i te konganuku, te whakamahana ki ngā pāmahana teitei, kātahi ka ringihia ki roto i ngā pokepoke. Ko ēnei pūkenga e hiahiatia ana he taumata tiketike o te whakaritenga mahi, te mōhiotanga ki ngā rauemi, me te whakahaere ahi.
Heoi, kāore i ngaro wawe te hangarau kōhatu. He maha ngā hapori i whakamahi tonu i ngā taputapu kōhatu me te konganuku, i runga i te wātea o ngā rauemi me ngā hiahia. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te whanaketanga āta haere o te hangarau, ā, i te āhua urutau hoki, kaua i te "whakakapi" noa i te mea tawhito ki te mea hou.
Whakamutunga: te taonga tuku iho o te hangarau onamata
Ko te hangarau o mua o te tangata he kōrero mō te auahatanga i roto i ngā herenga. Mai i ngā kongakonga kōhatu koi ki te pūkenga o te ahi, mai i ngā ngira wheua ki ngā oko uku, i whānau mai ia auahatanga i te mātakitaki, te whakamātautau, me te ako tahi. Nā rātou i whakatakoto ngā turanga mō te ao hou: ngā tauira o te mahi tahi, te whakahaere rauemi, me te kaha ki te whakarerekē i te taiao kia ora ai.
Mā te titiro ki ngā hangarau o mua ka mārama tātou kāore te hinengaro tangata i puta ohorere mai i tēnei ao hou. I āta whanake haere i roto i ngā mano tini o ngā whakatipuranga o te tangata e whakatata ana ki te taiao me te hiahia me te maia ki te whakamātautau. Kei roto i ia taputapu kohatu ngāwari te tohu o te whakaaro uaua—he whakamaumaharatanga he roa te haerenga o te hangarau mō te tangata.
