Te Tātari i ngā Taonga o Mua
Ko ngā taonga tuku iho o mua he tohu ā-tinana i mahue iho i te tangata i mua i te taenga mai o te tuhituhi. Ko ēnei taonga—mai i ngā taputapu kōhatu noa ki ngā whakapaipai whakarewa o mua—he "tuhinga" matua mā ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te hanga anō i ngā momo noho, ngā hangarau, ngā whakapono, me ngā whanaketanga pāpori o ngā hapori onamata. Nā te mea kāore he tuhinga tuhituhi, me ata tirotiro, me te whai tikanga, me te whai horopaki hoki i ngā taonga tuku iho o mua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o ngā taonga tuku iho o mua, ō rātou momo, me ngā huarahi tātari noa e whakamahia ana hei mārama ki te hītori.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Tūranga o ngā Taonga Tawhito
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te taonga tuku iho he mea i hangaia, i whakarerekētia, i whakamahia rānei e te tangata. I roto i ngā rangahau o mua, ko ngā taonga tuku iho te pūtake raraunga matua, he rerekē i ngā mea taiao (ngā toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe) me ngā āhuatanga (ngā hanganga pumau pērā i ngā poka pou, ngā awaawa, ngā takuahi rānei). Ka whakaratohia e ngā taonga tuku iho ngā tohu ki ngā mahi a te tangata: me pēhea tā rātou whaiwhai, te tukatuka kai, te hanga whare, te hokohoko, tae noa ki te whakaatu i te tuakiri me ngā tohu whakapono.
Ko te uara o tētahi taonga tuku iho ehara i te mea kei tōna āhua anake, engari kei roto hoki i te horopaki i kitea ai. He iti ake te uara whakamārama o tētahi toki kōhatu i kitea i runga i te mata, kāore he kōrero paparanga, kāore hoki he hononga ki ētahi atu kitenga, i tētahi toki rite i kitea i roto i tētahi paparanga mārama kei reira ngā toenga wheua kararehe, te waro o te ahi, me ngā kongakonga uku. Nō reira, he nui te aro o te whaipara tangata o ēnei rā ki ngā tuhinga keri me te tuhi i ngā paparanga whenua.
Ngā momo taonga tuku iho o mua
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā taonga tuku iho o mua i runga i te rauemi, te mahi, te wā whanaketanga hangarau rānei.
1. Ngā taputapu kōhatu (ritika)
Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā tapatapahi, ngā maramara, ngā mata, ngā mata pere, ngā kōhatu huri, me ngā taputapu wheua, e kiia ana i ētahi wā he wāhanga o te hangarau riki. He mea nui te tātari i ngā taputapu kōhatu nā te mea he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga, mai i te Paleolithic ki te Neolithic, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia i te wā whakarewa i roto i ētahi tikanga tuku iho.
2. Te mahi uku (ngā uku o mua)
He tohu nui te mahi uku mō te putanga mai o ngā kāinga kua tau, te rokiroki kai, me te whanaketanga o te tunu kai. Mā tōna āhua, ngā tikanga hanga, te whakapaipai, me te hanganga uku ka āwhina i te aromatawai i ngā tikanga tuku iho me te hononga i waenga i ngā rōpū.
3. Ngā taonga whakarewa o mua
I ngā wāhanga Parahi me te Rino, ko ngā taonga tuku iho pērā i ngā toki hāpara, ngā pahu, ngā poroporo, ngā mātā, me ngā whakapaipai e whakaatu ana i te motuhaketanga whakaputa me ngā whatunga whakawhiti rauemi mata. Ka taea hoki e ngā tohu o ngā pokepokea me ngā tikanga whakarewa te whakaatu i te taumata o te tohungatanga whakarewa.
4. Ngā taonga rauropi
He maha ngā wā kāore e ora te rakau, te muka, te hiako, te rātana rānei, engari ki te tiakina (hei tauira, i roto i ngā ana maroke, i ngā taiao repo rānei), ka taea e ēnei taonga te whakaatu i ngā kōrero mō ngā hangarau kāore i te tino tuhia, pērā i te raranga, te kākahu, me ngā ipu.
5. Ngā taonga tuku iho
Ko ngā peita ana, ngā pīrere, ngā whakapakoko iti, ngā taonga karakia rānei e whakaatu ana i te kaha tohu me ngā whakaaturanga o te tuakiri. Mā tēnei wāhanga ka āwhina i te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga whakaaro kāore e kitea tonutia ana i roto i ngā taputapu whai hua.
Ngā Wāhanga Taketake o te Tātari Taonga
He maha ngā wāhanga o te tātari i ngā taonga tuku iho o mua: te whakaahuatanga, te whakarōpūtanga, te ine, te whakamārama i te mahi, me te whakatakotoranga i roto i te horopaki wāhi-wā.
1. Tātaritanga Momo me te Whakarōpūtanga
Ko te taipōro te whakarōpūtanga o ngā taonga tuku iho i runga i ngā āhua me ngā āhuatanga ōrite. Hei tauira, ka whakarōpūtia ngā taputapu kōhatu hei toki ringaringa, hei taputapu kirikiri, hei microlith rānei. I roto i ngā uku, ka taea te hanga i te taipōro i runga i te āhua o te ngutu, te tinana, te turanga, me ngā tauira whakapaipai.
Ko te kaupapa o te momo āhua ehara i te mea ko te "whakaingoa" i ngā mea anake, engari ko te aromatawai i te rerekētanga me te huringa. Ko ngā panonitanga o te āhua o ngā taputapu mai i te āhua papatahi ki te āhua pai ake ka tohu pea i ngā panonitanga hangarau, ngā matea ōhanga, ngā taunekeneke ahurea rānei. Heoi anō, me tūpato hoki ngā momo āhua kia kaua e whakatakotoria ngā kāwai hou ki ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe.
2. Hangarau Hangarau (Chaîne Opératoire)
Ko te huarahi mekameka-whakahaere e titiro ana ki ngā taonga tuku iho hei hua o tētahi raupapa o ngā mahi: te whiriwhiri rauemi, te hanga, te whakamahi, te tiaki, me te whakakorenga. Hei tauira, mō ngā taputapu kōhatu, ka aromatawaihia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te momo kōhatu, te ahunga pānga, te papa kirikiri, me te tauira kirikiri hei whakatau i te tikanga hanga (pānga tika, pēhanga, bipolar rānei).
I roto i ngā mahi uku, kei roto i te tātari hangarau ngā tikanga hanga (mirimiri, takai, huri wira), ngā tikanga tahu, me te whakamahana (onepu, kiri raihi, maramara uku). Ka taea e ēnei raraunga te tohu i ngā taumata o te tohungatanga, te wehewehe mahi, me ngā tikanga mātauranga tuku iho.
3. Tātari Whakamahinga-Kakahu me te Toenga
Kāore e taea te whakatau i te mahi a te taonga tuku iho i tōna āhua tonu. Nō reira, ka tirohia e te tātaritanga whakamahinga-kakahu te kakahu moroiti i te taha o te taputapu: ngā tauira karawarawa, ngā kanapa, ngā kapiti ririki, ngā porowhita taha rānei. Tērā pea i whakamahia he mata kōhatu e rite ana ki te maripi hei tapahi mīti, hei waru i te hiako, hei hauhake hua rānei—ia mea, ia mea ka waiho he tohu motuhake.
Ka tirohia e te tātari toenga ngā toenga o ngā rauemi piri, pērā i te māngaro tipu, te toto, ngā pūmua, te kapia rānei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matū me ngā tikanga moroiti, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakapakari i ngā whakamaoritanga mahi, pērā i te whakaatu i te tukatuka o ngā kūmara, te whakamahinga rānei o ngā piripiri taiao ki ngā mata pere.
4. Tātaritanga Horopaki: Te Wāhi me te Papawhenua
Me whakanoho ngā taonga tuku iho ki roto i te horopaki paparanga whenua (ngā paparanga oneone) kia mārama ai ki tō rātou raupapatanga wā. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i te paparanga ka tohu i ngā mahi motuhake: he wāhi kīhini, he awheawhe hanga taputapu, he puranga paru rānei. Mā te tātari ā-wāhi, tae atu ki te mahere i te tohatoha o ngā kitenga, ka āwhina i te hanga anō i te tahora o te whare.
Kei roto hoki i te horopaki ngā hononga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga. Ko te kitenga o tētahi kōkō i te taha o ngā wheua kararehe e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu patu kararehe he tohu pea i ngā mahi hopu manu me te patu kararehe. I taua wā, ko ngā uku e tata ana ki te takuahi he tohu pea i ngā mahi tunu kai, i ngā mahi whakamahana rānei.
5. Te Rā me te Wātaka
Hei mārama ki te huringa ahurea, me hoatu he anga wā ki ngā taonga tuku iho. Ka taea te whakamahi i te stratigraphy me ngā whakatauritenga momo ki te whakatau tata. Ka whakamahia e te whakatau tino ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakatau tata radiocarbon (mō te waro, te wheua, ngā toenga rauropi rānei), te whakatau tata thermoluminescence (mō ngā uku), te whakatau tata OSL rānei (mō ngā paru).
Ahakoa he uaua te whakatau i te tau o ngā taonga kohatu, ka taea te whakatau i te tau mā te horopaki: hei tauira, kei roto i tētahi paparanga kei roto he taputapu kohatu, he waro hoki ka taea te whakatau i te tau o te waro irirangi. Mā tēnei, ka uru te taonga ki tētahi kōrero whakarāpopototanga kaha ake.
Te Whakamārama Hapori me te Ahurea
Kāore te tātari i ngā taonga tuku iho o mua e mutu ki te "he aha te whakamahinga o tēnei taonga," engari ka whānui atu ki ngā pātai pāpori: nā wai i hanga, me pēhea te tuku mātauranga, me tōna tikanga ki te hapori.
– Te whakahaere whakaputa: Kei roto i te whare te hanga taputapu, kei reira rānei he awheawhe motuhake? Kei reira ngā tohunga?
– Te Whakawhitiwhiti me te Nekenekehanga: Ko ngā puna rauemi mata tawhiti e tohu ana i ngā whatunga hokohoko, i ngā nekehanga rōpū rānei. Hei tauira, he tohu kaha te obsidian nā te mea he iti noa iho ōna puna, ā, he ngāwari ki te whai.
– Te mana me te tuakiri: Ko ngā whakapaipai, ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā taonga tawhito rānei, ka tohu pea i tētahi rerekētanga mana, i tētahi tūranga rānei i roto i te hapori.
– Ngā huringa oranga: Ko te whakawhiti mai i te hopu manu ki ngā taputapu ahuwhenua, te putanga mai rānei o ngā oko uku rokiroki, tera pea e pā ana ki te whakawhiti ki te ahuwhenua me te noho tuturu.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Tātari Taonga
He maha ngā wero matua. Tuatahi, ka taea e ngā tukanga taiao me ngā mahi a te tangata te tango i ngā taonga mai i tō rātou horopaki taketake (ngā tukanga i muri i te whakatakotoranga). Tuarua, ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā taonga (hangarua), nō reira kāore e rite tonu te mahi whakamutunga ki tō rātou mahi taketake. Tuatoru, nā te whakaaro tiaki ka onge ngā taonga rauropi, ā, ka whakapēhia te tirohanga o ngā hangarau o mua. Nō reira, me whai whakaaro tonu te whakamaoritanga ki ngā herenga raraunga.
Te Katinga
He mea nui ngā taonga tuku iho o mua ki te wetewete i te kōrero roa o te tangata i mua i te tuhituhi. Mā te momo āhua, te tātari hangarau, te whakamahinga-kākahu, ngā toenga, te horopaki paparanga, me te tau, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga i ngā hanganga hou e tata ana ki te ao tūturu o mua. Heoi, kāore ngā taonga tuku iho e "kōrero" mō rātou anō—me pānuihia e pā ana ki tō rātou taiao, te tohatoha o ngā kitenga, me ngā tukanga ahurea uaua. Mā te huarahi tātari pakari me te arohaehae, ehara ngā taonga tuku iho o mua i te mea he taonga tawhito noa iho engari he matapihi nui ki te mārama ki ngā takenga mai o te auahatanga ahurea tangata, te urutau, me te kanorau.
