Ngā toi o mua i te oranga tangata
Ko te toi o mua tētahi o ngā tohu tuatahi o te māramatanga o te tangata ki te ao, te hanga whanaungatanga pāpori, me te whakaatu i ō rātou wheako ā-roto. I mua noa atu i te hanganga o te tuhituhi a te tangata, i noho te toi hei "reo" e whakakotahi ana i te mātauranga, i ngā whakapono, me te tuakiri rōpū. Mā roto i ngā peita ana, i ngā whakairo kōhatu, i ngā wheua rānei, i ngā whakapakoko iti, tae noa ki ngā tauira i runga i ngā taputapu o ia rā, ka kite tātou kāore ngā tāngata o mua i te ora noa engari i te rapu tikanga anō hoki. Kua noho te toi hei wāhanga o te ao: e whakamahia ana hei whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, hei tohu rohe, hei whakaako i te whakatupuranga rangatahi, ā, ko te nuinga pea mō ngā kaupapa karakia me te wairua.
He aha te tikanga o te toi onamata?
Ko te toi o mua i te hītori e pā ana ki tētahi momo toi tirohanga i hangaia i mua i te hanganga o te tuhituhi. I roto i ngā rangahau hītori toi me ngā mahi toi whaipara tangata, he maha ngā wā e pā ana te kupu ki ngā mahi toi mai i te Paleolithic (te Wā Kōhatu Tawhito), Mesolithic, Neolithic, me ngā wā o mua o te wā whakarewa i ngā rohe rerekē o te ao. He rerekē ēnei momo: he peita ana me ngā tohu ringaringa, he whakairo āhua kararehe, he tangata, he tohu, he whakapaipai āhuahanga, tae noa ki ngā whakamaharatanga kōhatu pērā i ngā menhir me ngā dolmen. Kāore e taea te mārama noa ki te toi o mua i te hītori he "whakapaipai", nā te mea he maha ngā mahi toi e kitea ana i roto i ngā horopaki e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi pāpori me ngā mahi whakapono.
Kotahi te kōrero nui: kāore i wehea te toi o mua i te oranga o ia rā. I puta mai i te taha o te hopu manu, te kohikohi, me te hekenga, kātahi ka whanake i te tīmatanga o te noho me te whakawhanake i te ahuwhenua e te tangata. Nā ēnei huringa o te noho i whakarerekē anō hoki ngā kaupapa, ngā tikanga, me ngā kaupapa o te toi.
Ngā momo toi onamata rongonui
1. Ngā peita ana me ngā tohu ringaringa
Ko ngā peita ana te momo toi onamata rongonui rawa atu. He maha kua kitea i Ūropi (hei tauira, ko Lascaux i Parani me Altamira i Pāniora), engari he taonga tuku iho anō hoki a Āhia me Initonīhia. I roto i ngā ana, i whakaahuahia e ngā tāngata onamata ngā whakaaturanga mohoao, ngā whakaaturanga hopu manu, ngā tohu, me ngā tohu ringaringa i hangaia mā te whakatakoto i ō rātou nikau ki runga i ngā pakitara, kātahi ka rehuhia te tae ki te taha. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakamāramahia ngā tohu ringaringa hei tohu o te aroaro: "I konei ahau," hei tohu rānei mō te tuakiri rōpū.
I whakaatuhia e tā rātou tikanga te auahatanga: i konatunatua ngā tae mai i te ōkere (oneone whero), te waro, ētahi kohuke rānei ki te ngako kararehe, ki ētahi atu wai rānei hei piri. I whakamahia anō hoki e rātou ngā āhua tūturu o te kōhatu hei hoatu i te tinana o te kararehe he āhua toru-ahu, me te mea kei te ora te ahua.
2. Toi whakaahua kawe
Haunga ngā pakitara ana, i hangaia hoki e ngā tāngata o mua ngā mahi toi iti, kawe, pērā i ngā whakapakoko iti i hangaia ki te kōhatu, ki te wheua, ki te rei rānei, me ngā whakairo ki ngā taputapu. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te whakapakoko "Venus" mai i Ūropi Paleolithic, he whakapakoko iti e whakanui ana i ngā wāhanga tinana motuhake, ā, e hono pinepine ana ki ngā tohu momona. Ahakoa te tautohetohe pūtaiao, e whakaatu ana ēnei whakapakoko kua mau kē ngā ariā whānui o te tangata mō te tinana, te ora, me te tumanako pea mō te whānautanga.
3. Ngā whakapaipai i runga i ngā taputapu me ngā taonga o ia rā
He maha ngā taputapu kōhatu, wheua, me ngā taputapu uku kua whakapaipaihia ki ngā rārangi, ki ngā ira, ki ngā tauira tāruarua rānei. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te kore noa o te mahi i whaia e te tangata engari ko te ataahua me te tuakiri hoki. Ka taea e ngā tauira whakapaipai te mahi hei "tohu" mō tētahi rōpū, he momo "kāhua" e wehewehe ana i tētahi hapori i tētahi atu. I te tīmatanga o te mahi ahuwhenua me te noho a te tangata i te wā Neolithic, ka tere te whanaketanga o ngā mahi uku, ā, ka uaua haere te whakapaipai.
4. Ngā mahi toi nui rawa
I ngā wāhi maha, kua whakatūria e te tangata he whare, he whakamaharatanga rānei mai i ngā kōhatu nunui: ngā menhir (ngā kōhatu tū), ngā dolmen (ngā tēpu kōhatu), ngā oko kohatu, tae atu ki ngā hanganga kōhatu porowhita. He maha ngā wā e hono ana ngā hanganga megalithi ki ngā whakapono tūpuna, ngā tanumanga, ngā tohu wāhi tapu rānei. Ko te hanganga megalithi me mahi tahi a te tini tāngata, e whakaata ana i te whakaritenga hapori me te kaiārahi i roto i te hapori.
Te mahi a ngā toi onamata i roto i te oranga tangata
1. Ngā pāpāho whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i mua i te tuhituhi
Ki te kore he tuhituhi, ka noho ngā tohu tirohanga hei huarahi nui mō te kawe kōrero. Ka taea e ngā tuhi kararehe, ngā ara, ngā tohu motuhake rānei te whakamahi hei "pūkete" mō ngā momo kararehe, ngā wā, ngā wāhi nui rānei. Ahakoa kāore e taea e tātou te tino mōhio ki te tikanga o aua tohu, e mārama ana ehara ēnei tohu i te tuhituhi noa iho. I noho te toi hei taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero puta noa i ngā whakatipuranga i te wā e tika ana kia tukuna te mātauranga.
2. Mātauranga me te whakangungu
He tokomaha ngā tohunga whaipara tangata e whakapono ana he hononga pea ngā peita hopu manu ki te ako: me pēhea te mōhio ki ngā kararehe, te mārama ki ā rātou nekehanga, me te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki hopu manu. Mā te toi ka āwhina i te tangata ki te whakahaere i ngā ao uaua ki ngā āhua ka taea te ako. Ka taea e ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi te ako mā roto i ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaturanga, me ngā whakaahua i roto i ētahi wāhi e kiia ana he mea nui.
3. Ngā kawa, te wairuatanga, me ngā whanaungatanga ki te taiao
He maha ngā wā e hono ana ngā toi o mua ki ngā kawa. Ehara i te mea ko ngā kararehe anake te whakaahua i ngā taonga, engari he momo whakaute, he ngana rānei ki te "karanga" i te waimarie. I roto i te maha o ngā ahurea tuku iho, e whakaponohia ana he mana tiaki, he mana whakaora, he mana wairua rānei ngā whakaahua me ngā tohu. Ko te wāhi o ētahi peita ana i roto i ngā wāhi pōuri, uaua ki te tae atu, ka whakakaha ake i te āheinga o ngā mahi kawa, ngā huihuinga motuhake rānei.
4. Te tuakiri rōpū me te kotahitanga pāpori
He tohu tuakiri anō hoki te toi. Ka taea e ētahi tauira te tohu "ko wai tātou" me "nō hea tātou." Ko te tukanga hanga toi—te kohikohi rauemi, te whakarite tae, te mahi tahi i tētahi wāhi motuhake—ka hanga i tētahi wairua hapori. Hei tauira, ina mahi tahi tētahi hapori nui ki te hanga i tētahi megalith, ka mahi te toi hei kaupapa mahi tahi e whakakaha ana i ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā whakapono tahi.
5. Te whakapuakitanga o ngā kare ā-roto me ngā wheako o te tangata
Haunga ōna mahi whaihua me ōna mahi kawa, ko ngā mahi toi o mua he huarahi pea mō ngā kare ā-roto: te wehi ki ngā kararehe nunui, te wehi, te tumanako, te pouri, te whakahīhī rānei. I te wā e tuhi ana te tangata, ko te tikanga he "tukatuka i ngā wheako" hei āhua ka kitea, ka maumaharahia. E whakaatu ana tēnei kua noho mai ngā hiahia ataahua me te hiahia mō te tikanga mai i te tīmatanga o te hītori o te tangata.
Ngā toi o mua i te motu: ngā tohu nui
He taonga tuku iho whakamiharo tō Initonīhia, inā koa kei roto i ngā peita ana i kitea i ngā rohe pēnei i a Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Papua, me Nusa Tenggara. He maha ngā kitenga o ngā tohu ringa me ngā whakaahua kararehe, e whakaatu ana i te kaha o ēnei tikanga tuku iho i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. He mea nui te noho o ngā toi tuku iho i roto i ngā moutere nā te mea ka āwhina i a tātou ki te kite i te tupu o te auahatanga tangata i roto i ngā pokapū maha o te ao tūroa, ehara i te mea i Ūropi anake. Ka whakakaha hoki ngā toi tuku iho o Initonīhia i te māramatanga kua roa tēnei moutere hei wāhi hui mō te tangata, te taiao, me te ahurea.
He aha te take e whai tikanga tonu ai ngā mahi toi o mua?
Ehara i te mea ko te titiro ki ngā mahi toi o mua anake te kaupapa o te ako i ngā mahi toi o mua, engari ko te mārama hoki ki ngā pūtake o te tangata. Mai i ēnei mahi toi, ka ako tātou kua roa te tangata e mau ana i ngā pūkenga tohu: te whakaaro noa, te whakangawari i te mooni, me te hoatu tikanga. E ako ana hoki ngā mahi toi o mua i a tātou he wāhanga nui o te oranga tonutanga te ahurea. I ora te tangata, ehara i te mea me ngā taputapu me ngā rautaki anake, engari me ngā kōrero, ngā tohu, me ngā whakapono e hanga ana i te tumanako.
I tēnei ao hou, he maha ngā wā ka tirohia te toi hei mea motuhake mai i ngā matea taketake. Engari ko te toi o mua e whakaatu ana i tētahi atu mea: ko te toi tētahi wāhanga o te huarahi e aro atu ai te tangata ki te koretake, e pupuri ana i te mahara ā-rōpū, e hanga tuakiri ai hoki. He piriti tēnei i waenganui i te mea e kitea ana me te mea e taea te pa atu, i waenganui i ngā wheako o ia rā me ngā pātai nui o te ao.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā toi o mua i roto i te oranga o te tangata he tohu kei te haere tahi te auahatanga me te rapu tikanga me te tangata mō ngā mano tau. Ko ngā peita ana, ngā whakairo iti, ngā whakapaipai taputapu, me ngā whakamaharatanga kōhatu ehara i te mea he taonga tuku iho noa iho, engari he whakaata anō hoki i te tirohanga a te tangata ki te taiao, te hanga hapori, me te whakatata atu ki ngā mea e kiia ana he tapu. Mā te ako i aua mea, ehara i te mea ko te hītori toi anake tā tātou e ako ana, engari ko tātou anō hoki e whakaaro ana, e kare ā-roto ana, e whai tonu ana ki te hoatu tikanga ki te ao.
