Te Stratigraphy i roto i ngā Akoranga Whaipara Tangata
Ko te stratigraphy tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te whaipara tangata, inā koa i roto i te keri. Ki te kī māmā, ka ako te stratigraphy i ngā paparanga oneone me te paru e puta ana i roto i te wā. Ki ngā tohunga whaipara tangata, ehara ēnei paparanga i te kohinga oneone noa iho, engari he "pūranga" e tuhi ana i ngā mahi a te tangata, ngā huringa taiao, ngā āhuatanga ā-taiao, tae atu ki ngā tukanga huarere. Mā te mārama ki te stratigraphy, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakamārama i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa o mua: he aha te mea i tupu tuatahi, he aha te mea i tupu i muri mai, me te hononga o ēnei kaupapa tetahi ki tetahi.
Te whakamāramatanga me te pūtake o te stratigraphy
I ahu mai te kupu stratigraphy i ngā kupu stratum (paparanga) me te graphy (whakaahuatanga). I roto i te horopaki whenua, ka whakamahia te stratigraphy hei mārama ki te hītori o Papatūānuku mā roto i ngā paparanga toka me te onepū. Ka whakamahia e te tohunga whaipara tangata ngā mātāpono ōrite, engari he arotahi motuhake ake: te ako i ngā paparanga e pā ana ki ngā mahi a te tangata (ngā putunga ahurea) me ngā tukanga taiao e pā ana ki ngā wāhi. He maha ngā wā ka titoa ngā paparanga whaipara tangata ki te ranunga o te oneone, te pungarehu, ngā para whare, ngā para kāinga, ngā kongakonga uku, ngā wheua, te waro, me ētahi atu rauemi kua tanumia, kua whakarerekētia.
Ko tētahi mātāpono matua o te stratigraphy he mea nui ki te whaipara tangata ko te ture o te superposition: i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, he tawhito ake ngā paparanga o raro i ngā paparanga o runga ake. Heoi anō, ka whakaarohia hoki e ngā kaiwhaipara tangata ngā raruraru pēnei i te keri a ngā tāngata o mua, ngā pakiaka tipu, ngā mahi a ngā kararehe, te horo, te waipuke, ngā hanganga hou rānei ka taea te "hurihuri" te whakaranu rānei i ngā paparanga.
He aha te hiranga o te stratigraphy i roto i te archaeology?
Mā te stratigraphy ka āwhina ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te hanga i tētahi raupapatanga wā e pā ana ki te tūranga o ngā paparanga, me te kore e mōhio ki te rā tika. Mā te mōhio ki ngā paparanga tawhito, ki ngā paparanga taitamariki hoki, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakanoho i ngā taonga me ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, ngā takuahi, ngā poka pou, ngā awaawa, ngā papa whare) ki roto i tō rātou horopaki wā. He mea nui tēnei horopaki mō te whakamārama. Ko tētahi maramara uku i kitea i runga i te mata, kāore he horopaki stratigraphy, he mea noa iho pea, engari ki te kitea i roto i tētahi paparanga motuhake e pā ana ki te papa o te whare, o te kīhini rānei, ka whakaratohia e te kitenga he tohu mō te āhua noho, te hangarau, tae atu ki ngā whatunga hokohoko.
He mea nui anō hoki te mahi a te tātaritanga whenua ki te tautuhi i te wā e nohoia ana tētahi wāhi. He maha ngā wāhi kāore e nohoia kotahi noa iho; ka taea te nohoia anō, te hanga anō, te ahi, te whakarērea, me te nohoia anō. Ka taea e ngā paparanga i hangaia e ēnei tukanga te whakaatu i ngā huringa o ngā tauira noho, ngā momo mahi, me ngā panonitanga ahurea.
Paparanga ahurea me te paparanga taiao
I roto i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata, e rua ngā momo putunga whānui: ngā paparanga tūturu me ngā paparanga ahurea. Kei roto i ngā paparanga tūturu ngā putunga mai i ngā waipuke, ngā horo whenua, te huarere o te toka, te whakatakotoranga hau rānei. Ka hangaia ngā paparanga ahurea e ngā mahi a te tangata, pērā i te whakakorenga para, te hanganga hanganga, te whakakī papa, te toenga tahunga rānei.
Kāore i te tino mārama te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā putunga waipuke te kapi i ngā nohoanga me te "raka" i ngā paparanga ahurea, kia tika ai te tiaki. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā mahi a te tangata pēnei i te keri awaawa, te turanga rānei te whakararuraru i ngā paparanga taiao. Nō reira, me arotake marie ngā āhuatanga o te paparanga mā te tātaritanga stratigraphic: te tae, te kakano, te mātotoru, te ihirangi rauemi, me ngā rohe.
Te ariā o te horopaki me ngā waeine paparanga
I roto i ngā mahi keri whenua o ēnei rā, ka wehea te stratigraphy ki ngā waeine e kiia nei ko ngā horopaki, ko ngā waeine stratigraphic rānei. Ka taea e te horopaki te noho hei paparanga oneone kotahi, hei poka, hei whakakī, hei āhuatanga motuhake rānei. Ka tuhia ngā taipitopito o ia horopaki: tōna tūranga, tōna matotoru, tōna whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu horopaki, me ngā kitenga e pā ana. Mā tēnei huarahi ka āwhina ngā tohunga keri whenua ki te hanga anō i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa me te tino tika atu i te "paparanga o runga" me te "paparanga o raro" noa iho.
Mai i ēnei tuhinga horopaki, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te waihanga i tētahi Harris Matrix, he hoahoa e whakaatu ana i ngā whanaungatanga paparanga whenua i waenga i ngā waeine: ko ēhea e takoto ana i runga, ko ēhea e tapahia ana, me ēhea he mea o nāianei. He tino whai hua te Harris Matrix mō ngā wāhi uaua pēnei i ngā tāone tawhito, ngā pā, ngā nohoanga kua hangahia anōtia.
Ngā tikanga keri e hangai ana ki te stratigraphy
Ko te tikanga, ko ngā keri keri whenua he whai i te paparanga whenua tūturu: ka keria takitahi ngā paparanga, me te whai i ō rātou rohe taketake. He rerekē tēnei tikanga i te keri keri (i ngā wā matotoru motuhake, hei tauira, 10 cm), e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā ina kore e mārama ngā paparanga, he mea rānei hei whakahaere paerewa. Ko ngā keri paparanga whenua me kaha ki te tautuhi i ngā huringa tino ngawari o te oneone i ētahi wā.
I te wā e keri ana, ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā taputapu pēnei i te kokoru, te paraihe, me ngā tātari kia kore ai e ngaro ngā taonga iti. Kātahi ka tirohia te kōtaha pakitara keri hei whakatau i te paparanga. Ka taea te tuhi ā-ringa i tēnei kōtaha, te matawai rānei mā te whakamahi i te whakaahua me te hangarau mahere 3D.
Ngā tukanga hanganga pae
Ehara i te mea ko te stratigraphy anake te tuhi i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa engari ko ngā tukanga i hangaia ai tētahi wāhi. Kei roto i ngā tukanga ahurea te hanga, te whakakorenga, te whakangaromanga, me te whakamahi anō i ngā rauemi. Kei roto i ngā tukanga taiao te whakatōpuku, te pirau rauropi, te mahi moroiti, me te bioturbation (te whakararuraru a ngā kararehe, a ngā pakiaka rānei). He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei tukanga hei ārai i ngā tohunga whaipara tangata kei hē te whakamārama i ngā kitenga. Hei tauira, ko ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i ngā paparanga taitamariki kua "paheke" nā ngā rua kararehe, kaua nā te whakamahinga a te tangata i taua wā.
Te stratigraphy me te tau
Ko te stratigraphy te mea matua e whakarato ana i te tau ā-tau, engari ka taea te whakakotahi me te tau tino tika hei whakaputa i tētahi tau ā-tau pakari ake. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te radiocarbon hei whakatau i tōna tau tino tika mō te waro mai i tētahi paparanga motuhake. Ka taea te tautuhi i ngā paparanga pungarehu puia mā te tātari tephra me te hono atu ki ngā pahūtanga puia o te tau e mōhiotia ana. Ko ētahi taonga tuku iho, pērā i ngā momo uku motuhake, i ngā moni rānei, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei tohu wā ina māramahia ō rātou auau.
Ina tautokona e ngā raraunga stratigraphic me ngā raraunga tau tūturu tetahi ki tetahi, ka nui ake te whakapono ki ngā whakamārama. Mena ka puta he rerekētanga—hei tauira, ko ngā hua radiocarbon he tawhito ake i te mea i whakaarohia—me arotake e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te tūponotanga o te poke o ngā tauira, te ranunga o ngā paparanga, te whakamārama hē rānei i te horopaki.
Ngā wero i roto i te tātaritanga paparanga
Ahakoa tōna hiranga, he wero kei te mahi i te stratigraphy. Tuatahi, kāore i te mārama tonu ngā rohe paparanga; ka taea e ngā huringa tae oneone te ngawari me te piki haere. Tuarua, ko ngā raruraru o ēnei rā pēnei i ngā mahi ahuwhenua, te whanaketanga, me te pahua ka taea te whakararuraru i te hanganga paparanga. Tuatoru, ko ngā tuhinga hē ka taea te whakauaua i te whakamahi anō i ngā raraunga stratigraphy. Nō reira, he mea nui te tuhi tika: me tuhi pūnaha ngā whakaahua, ngā tuhi kōtaha, ngā whakaahuatanga oneone, ngā taunga kimi, me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā waeine.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka pāngia hoki te whakamāramatanga paparanga e ngā wheako. Tērā pea ka kite ngā keri e rua i ngā wehenga paparanga rerekē mena kāore he paerewa tuhi mārama. Nō reira, he āwhina te whakangungu mara me te whakamahi i ngā aratohu whakaahuatanga paru—pērā i te tauine tae Munsell, te whakarōpūtanga kakano oneone, me ngā rekoata whakaurunga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te paparanga whenua te poutokomanawa o ngā keri whenua whaipara tangata nā te mea he anga tēnei hei mārama ki te raupapatanga o ngā wā me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kaupapa i tētahi wāhi. Mā te pānui i ngā paparanga oneone hei tuhinga hītori, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua whaipara tangata te hanga anō i ngā āhuatanga noho, ngā huringa ahurea, ngā taunekeneke tangata-taiao, me ngā tukanga i hanga i tētahi wāhi ki tōna āhua o nāianei. I roto i te mahi, me tino tika te tuhi, me tino mārama te tuhi, me te kaha ki te tātari i ngā tukanga ahurea me ngā tukanga taiao. Ina honoa ki ngā tikanga tau hou me ngā tikanga tuhi, ka taea e te paparanga whenua whaipara tangata te neke atu i te kimi noa i ngā taonga tuku iho ki te mārama ki te kōrero o mua me te tino tika.
