Te Whakarāpopototanga o te Tātaitanga i roto i te Arorangi
Ko te whakatau tau whanaunga tētahi o ngā tūāpapa tino nui o te whaipara tangata nā te mea ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te raupapa i ngā kaupapa o mua me te kore e hiahia ki te mōhio ki te rā tika. Mā te whakatau tau whanaunga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhaipara tangata te whakatau mēnā he tawhito ake, he taitamariki ake rānei tētahi kitenga i ētahi atu, kātahi ka whakarite i aua kitenga ki roto i tētahi rarangi wā. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga ina kore e taea te whakatau tau tuturu (pēnei i te whakatau tau radiocarbon), he nui rawa te utu, he kore rānei e whai hua nā ngā āhuatanga tauira kino. Arā, ka whakautua e te whakatau tau whanaunga te pātai "ko tēhea i puta tuatahi?" i mua i te whakautu i te pātai "i tēhea tau?"
Te ariā me te kaupapa o te whakatau tau whanaunga
Ko te mauri o te whakatau tataitanga whanaunga ko te whakataurite. Ka aromatawaihia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te tūranga o tētahi mea i roto i tētahi paparanga, tōna whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu hanganga, te momo me te āhua o te taonga tuku iho, me te hononga o te mea i kitea ki ētahi atu mea i roto i te horopaki kotahi. Mai i reira, ka whakatūhia he raupapatanga wā: ngā wāhanga tōmua, waenga, mutunga, "tuakana-teina" rānei. Ahakoa kāore te whakatau tataitanga whanaunga e whakaputa i ngā rā maramataka, ka taea te hanga anō i te hītori o tētahi wāhi: te wā i nohoia tuatahitia ai, te wā i rerekē ai ngā mahi, te wā i hangaia anō ai, me te wā i whakarērea ai.
I roto i te mahi, he tata tonu te mahi tahi a te tātaitanga tau whanaunga me te stratigraphy (te ako i ngā paparanga o te whenua), te typology (te whakarōpū i ngā taonga tuku iho mā te momo), me te seriation (te raupapatanga o ngā raupapatanga i runga i ngā tauira huringa). Ka tautokohia e ēnei tikanga tetahi i tetahi, ā, ina honoa ki ngā raraunga tātaitanga tau tuturu, ka kaha ake te kaha o te tātaitanga tau.
Te whakarōpūtanga paparanga: te pānui i ngā paparanga hei rekoata o te wā
Ko te mātāpono tino matarohia mō te whakatau i te tau whanaunga ko te ture o te taupatupatu: i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ko ngā paparanga o raro o te oneone he tawhito ake i ngā paparanga o runga ake. Mā te keri me te tuhi i te horopaki o ia paparanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te "pānui" i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa i tuhia ki roto i te oneone.
Heoi, ehara i te mea ngāwari te tātari papa whenua. Ka puta pea ngā raruraru nā te mahi a te tangata (keri rua, hanga turanga, keri urupā), mahi a te kararehe (whakatō koiora), pakiaka rākau, horo whenua, āwhati taiao rānei. Nō reira, kāore ngā tohunga whaipara tangata e tuhi ana i ngā paparanga anake engari me ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā awaawa, ngā poka pou, ngā papa whare, me ngā rua tanumanga. He maha ngā wā ka "tapahia" ēnei āhuatanga ki ngā paparanga o mua, ā, ka hoatu he tohu ki te raupapa wā.
He tauira māmā noa iho: ki te tapahia e te urupā te papa o tētahi wāhi noho, he taitamariki ake te urupā i te papa. Ko tēnei whanaungatanga "tapa-mā-tapa" te mea matua ki te whakatau i te tau whanaunga e ahu mai ana i te stratigraphic.
Te mātāpono o te hononga: ko ngā mea e kitea ngātahitia ana he mea kotahi tonu.
Ko tētahi atu tikanga nui ko te hononga. Ko ngā taonga tuku iho i kitea i roto i te horopaki kotahi—hei tauira, i roto i te paparanga kotahi, i te wāhanga whakatakotoranga rānei—e ahu mai ana i tētahi wā ōrite. Mena e mōhiotia ana he momo uku motuhake nō tētahi wā motuhake (i runga i ngā rangahau o mua), ka taea te whakatau tata i ētahi atu kitenga i roto i te horopaki kotahi he mea nō taua wā tonu.
Me tūpato te whakamahi i ngā hononga. Ka taea te neke atu i ngā taonga mai i tōna horopaki taketake, hei tauira, nā te hurihanga o te oneone, nā te tuku iho o ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga, nā te whakamahi anō rānei i ngā rauemi i roto i ngā whare hou. Nō reira, ka arotakehia tonutia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te kounga o te horopaki: mēnā kua "hurihia" te paparanga, kua "hiritia" rānei.
Tipo: ngā panonitanga o te āhua o ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i te wā
Ko te momo āhua he huarahi whakarōpū i ngā taonga tuku iho i runga i ngā āhua ōrite, ngā rauemi, ngā whakapaipai, me ngā tikanga hanga. I roto i te maha o ngā ahurea, ka huri haere ngā momo taonga tuku iho. Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei huringa hei whakatū i tētahi raupapa whanaunga: ka kiia te momo A he tawhito ake i te momo B mēnā ka whakaatu a B i tētahi whanaketanga mai i a A, mēnā rānei ka puta tonu a B i ngā paparanga taitamariki.
Ko te uku te tauira tino kitea nā te mea he nui, he pakari, ā, he maha ngā wā ka rerekē te momo hanga mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. Hei tauira, ko ngā panonitanga o te āhua o ngā ngutu, ngā tauira whakapaipai, te hanganga uku rānei ka taea te whakarato tohu ki ngā wāhanga o te wā. Haunga te uku, ka pā anō te momo ki ngā taputapu kōhatu, ki ngā whakapaipai, ki ngā mahi whakarewa, tae noa ki te hoahoanga.
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o te momo toi ko tōna kaha ki te hono i ngā wāhi rerekē. Mena kei roto i ngā wāhi e rua ngā momo taonga tuku iho ōrite, ā, kei roto i te raupapa momo toi ōrite, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakatū hononga ā-rohe. Heoi anō, he herenga anō hoki ō te momo toi: ka taea e ngā momo kāhua te mau tonu i roto i te rohe i roto i te wā, ka taea rānei te awe i ngā huringa momo kāhua e te whakapā ahurea me te hokohoko, ehara i te mea ko te wā anake.
Te raupapatanga: te whakarite i tētahi raupapatanga i runga i te auau me te momo
Ko te raupapatanga he tikanga tatauranga me te tātari hei whakatū i tētahi raupapatanga whanaunga i runga i te rongonuitanga o tētahi momo kāhua, momo taonga rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, ka puta ake tētahi momo kāhua, ka eke ki tōna tihi rongonui, kātahi ka heke. Mena he maha ngā horopaki a ngā tohunga whaipara tangata (hei tauira, he maha ngā urupā, he paparanga rānei) ā, ka tuhia e rātou te auau o ngā momo taonga i roto i ia momo, ka taea te whakatū i tētahi raupapatanga whanaunga kia mārama ai te tauira "pikinga-tihi-hinga".
E rua ngā momo huarahi:
1. Te auau o te raupapatanga: e aromatawai ana i te pikinga me te hekenga o te maha o ngā momo taonga tuku iho.
2. Te raupapatanga momo/huanga: te whakarite raupapatanga i runga i te uauatanga, i ngā huringa rānei o ētahi huanga (hei tauira, ngā motika e piki haere ana te uauatanga).
He tino whai hua te wehewehenga ina kāore anō kia oti te whakarōpūtanga papatipu, hei tauira i roto i ngā kohinga urupā, i ngā putunga kongakonga, i ngā kohinga mata rānei. Heoi, me nui ngā raraunga mō te wehewehenga me te whakaaro ka puta mārire ngā huringa kāhua, ā, ka taea te mahere tonu.
Te hononga whakawhiti-pae: te hanga i tētahi raupapatanga ā-rohe
Ka eke te mana nui o te tātaitanga whanaunga ina taea te hono atu ki ngā wāhi katoa. Ka whakatauritea e ngā kaimātai whaipara tangata ngā raupapatanga paparanga me ngā momo o ētahi wāhi hei hanga i ngā rārangi wā ā-rohe: hei tauira, "Ngā Wāhanga I–II–III" i roto i tētahi awaawa, i ngā "wā tōmua–waenganui–mutunga" rānei i roto i tētahi rohe. Ka taea hoki te āwhina i tēnei hononga mā te kitenga o ngā "tohu" pēnei i ngā uku kawemai, te moni, ngā taonga tuku iho rānei e mōhiotia ana mai i tētahi wā motuhake i runga i ngā rangahau hītori.
Mā ngā hononga ā-rohe ka taea te whakautu i ngā pātai nunui ake: nōnahea i puta ai ngā hekenga tangata, nōnahea i puta ai ngā hangarau hou, me pēhea te whanaketanga o ngā whatunga tauhokohoko, nōnahea rānei i puta ai ngā raruraru me ngā huringa pāpori.
Ngā painga o te whakaipoipo whanaunga
He maha ngā painga o te whakatau tau ā-ira. Tuatahi, kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu taiwhanga nui, he utu nui rānei. Tuarua, ka whai hua ahakoa kāore e wātea he rauemi rauropi mō te whakatau tau radiocarbon. Tuatoru, ka whakaratohia e te whakatau tau ā-ira he māramatanga whānui ake mō te horopaki: ehara i te mea ko ngā "rā anake," engari ko te raupapa o ngā kaupapa me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā mahi a te tangata i tētahi wāhi.
I roto i ngā kerihanga maha, ka hangaia he anga whanaunga i te tuatahi. Muri iho, ka tangohia ngā tauira mō te tau tūturu hei "maukati" i ngā wā matua. Mā tēnei, kāore te tau tūturu e tū motuhake engari ka hangaia i runga i tētahi raupapatanga whanaungatanga pakari kua oti kē te whakarite.
Ngā herenga me pēhea te wikitoria i aua herenga
Ko te ngoikoretanga matua o te tātaitanga whanaunga ko te kore e whakarato i te rā tika, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te horopaki. Mēnā ka whakararuraruhia tētahi wāhi, ka raru pea te raupapatanga papa whenua. Mēnā kāore anō kia whakatūria he momo āhua i tētahi rohe, ka iti ake te pumau o ngā whakamārama. Hei tāpiri, kāore ngā momo taonga tuku iho e huri haere tonu i ngā wā katoa; ka taea te whakaara anō i ngā momo tawhito, te whakamahi rānei i ngā momo maha i roto i te wā kotahi.
Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga whaipara tangata i ngā momo taunakitanga rerekē: te paparanga whenua, te hononga, te momo, te raupapatanga, te tātari rauemi, me te—mēnā ka taea—te tau tuturu. He mea nui te tuhi tika i ngā tuhinga mara: ko te tuhi horopaki, ko ngā tuhi kōtaha paparanga whenua, ko ngā whakaahua, me ngā pūnaha wae paparanga whenua (hei tauira, te Harris Matrix) ka āwhina ki te mahere mārama i ngā whanaungatanga "pakeke-taiohi".
Te Katinga
Ko te whakatau i te tau ā-whānau he tikanga taketake e āhei ai ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te hanga i tētahi "kōrero wā" mai i ngā paparanga oneone me ngā taonga i mahue iho i te tangata. Ahakoa kāore e puta he tau maramataka, he mea nui tēnei tikanga hei mārama ki te raupapatanga o ngā kaupapa, ngā huringa ahurea, me te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi i roto i te wā. Mā te stratigraphy, te hononga, te momo, me te raupapatanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga i tētahi raupapatanga e tika ana, kātahi ka tautokona me ngā rā tino ina wātea. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea he taputapu hangarau noa iho te whakatau ā-whānau, engari he huarahi ki te whatu i ngā tohu rauemi ki roto i tētahi kōrero honohono me te whakamātautau o te hītori o te tangata.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia mārama ake ai (me ngā upoko iti me ngā tohutoro), ka taea rānei e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira take mai i Initonīhia (hei tauira, ngā wāhi onamata, ngā wāhi tawhito, ngā wāhi koroni rānei) kia pai ake ai te horopaki.
