Te Whaipara Tangata me te Rangahau mō ngā Nohoanga Tawhito
Ko te whaipara tangata te pūtaiao e ako ana i te oranga o te tangata o mua mā roto i ngā toenga rauemi—mai i ngā taputapu kōhatu me ngā uku ki ngā toenga whare, ki ngā whenua i hangaia e ngā mahi a te tangata. I roto i ngā kaupapa maha o te ako whaipara tangata, he tūranga nui te ako i ngā nohoanga tawhito. Ehara i te mea ko ngā nohoanga he wāhi noho noa iho, engari he wāhi e tuhi ana i te urutau o te tangata ki tō rātou taiao , te hanga whanaungatanga pāpori, te whakahaere rauemi, te whakamahi i ngā whakapono, me te whakawhanake hangarau. Mā te ako i ngā nohoanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga anō i tētahi whakaahua o te oranga o ia rā e ngaro ana i roto i ngā tuhinga.
He aha te hiranga o te ako i ngā nohoanga onamata?
Ka taea te whakarite i tētahi kāinga tawhito ki tētahi "pūranga" kua rongoatia ki raro i te whenua. Ko ngā hanganga whare, ngā tauira tiriti, ngā toenga o te kīhini, ngā para whakaputa, tae atu ki ngā whare tanumanga e karapoti ana i te kāinga e whakarato ana i ngā tohu ki te whakaritenga o te hapori. Mai i te wāhi o ngā whare, ahakoa he rōpū, he marara rānei, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakamārama mēnā i noho tētahi hapori i roto i ngā hononga whanaungatanga kaha, i te takitahi rānei. Ka taea hoki e te rahi me te kounga o ngā whare te tohu i te wehewehenga pāpori: ko wai i whai wāhi ki ngā rauemi hanga pai ake, ki te nui ake o te wāhi, ki ngā wāhi rautaki ake rānei.
Mā te ako i ngā nohoanga tawhito ka āwhina i te whakautu i ngā pātai nui mō te hītori: te āhua o te hanganga o ngā tāone tuatahi; te wā me te take i whanake ai te ahuwhenua kua tau ki te tangata; te pānga o te hokohoko tawhiti ki ngā tauira nohoanga; me te āhua o te urupare a ngā hapori ki te huringa āhuarangi, ngā āhuatanga kino, ngā pakanga rānei. Arā, ka hono ngā rangahau nohoanga i te tauine iti (te wāhi kāinga) ki te tauine nui (te huringa pāpori me te taiao).
Ngā Wāhanga o te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata o te Nohoanga
Ko te rangahau i ngā nohoanga tawhito he mea whakahaere i roto i ētahi wāhanga e hono tahi ana. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi he rangahau, he mahi tūhura hei kimi i ngā tohu o tētahi wāhi. Ka taea te whakahaere rangahau mā te hikoi i roto i tētahi wāhi motuhake (te rangahau mata) hei rapu i ngā kongakonga uku, ngā kōhatu, ngā toenga hanganga rānei i runga i te mata. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā mapi whenua, ngā whakaahua rangi, ngā whakaahua amiorangi , tae noa ki te hangarau LiDAR, e taea ai te uru ki roto i ngā tipu matotoru me te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga mata e tohu ana i ngā papa, ngā awaawa, ngā turanga whare rānei.
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te mahere me te tuhi. Ka maherehia ngā wāhi e whakapaetia ana he nohoanga mā te whakamahi i te GPS me ngā taputapu ine hou pēnei i ngā teihana katoa, i ngā waka rererangi whakaahua-ira rānei. He mea nui te mahere hei mārama ki te tahora ā-wāhi: kei hea ngā whare, te āhua o te whakatakotoranga o ngā whare, kei hea ngā wāhi whakaputa, ngā wāhi karakia, me ngā puna wai. He mea nui tēnei tahora ā-wāhi ki te whakamārama i te hanganga pāpori me te mahi ā-wāhi.
Ā muri iho, ka mahia ngā keri whenua, ngā keri whenua rānei. Ko ngā keri whenua i roto i ngā tāone noho, ehara i te mea ko ngā whare nui anake, engari ko ngā wāhi noho hoki e mau tonu ana ngā tohu o ngā mahi o ia rā. Ka mahia ngā keri whenua me te āta, paparanga i te paparanga (stratigraphy), nā te mea he rerekē te wā e tuhia ana e ia paparanga. Ka tuhia e ngā kaimātai whenua te horopaki o ngā kitenga: tō rātou tūranga, te hohonu, me te whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i ngā rua pou, ngā takuahi, ngā papa rānei. Mā te hē o te pānui i te horopaki ka arahi pea ki ngā whakamaoritanga hē.
Ngā Momo Kitenga me ā rātou Kōrero ki a Tātou
He maha ngā momo kitenga mai i ngā kāinga tawhito e whakarato ana i ngā kōrero motuhake. Hei tauira, he tohu wā te mahi uku (chronology) nā te mea kua rerekē te āhua me te whakapaipai i roto i te wā. Ko ngā toenga kai pēnei i ngā wheua kararehe, ngā angaanga, ngā purapura, me te waro e whakarato ana i ngā tohu mō ngā tauira kai, te ōhanga, me te taiao. Ka taea e te tātaritanga tipu whaipara tangata (paleobotany) te whakaatu i ngā tipu i whakatipuria, i kohia rānei, ko te zooarchaeology ia e tirotiro ana i ngā kararehe i hopukina, i whakatupuria rānei.
Ko ngā tohu hoahoanga—mai i ngā turanga kōhatu me ngā pereki ki ngā kōhao pou rakau—ka āwhina i te hanga anō i te āhua o te whare me ngā tikanga hanga. I ngā rohe werawera, he maha ngā wā ka tere te pirau o ngā whare rakau, ka mahue ko ngā kōhao pou, ko ngā papa oneone kua whakakikoruatia, ko ngā toenga o ngā takuahi rānei. Mai i ēnei, ka taea tonu e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakakotahi i te hanganga ā-wāhi o te whare: he wāhi tunu kai, he rūma rokiroki, he papa mahi rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā taonga tuku iho pērā i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā mea whakarewa, ngā piripiri, me ngā toenga para e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu ki te hangarau me ngā mahi whakaputa. Ko te kitenga i ngā piripiri, i ngā taonga ke rānei, he tohu pea i ngā whatunga hokohoko. I ētahi wā, ko te kitea o ngā hiri, ngā tuhituhinga, ngā tānga rānei, he tohu pea i ngā pūnaha whakahaere me ngā pūnaha ōhanga uaua ake.
Ngā Tikanga Whakatau Tatauranga me te Hanga Anō i te Wā
He mea nui te whakatau i te pakeketanga o tētahi nohoanga. Ka whakamahia te tau tūturu, pērā i te radiocarbon (C-14), mō ngā tauira rauropi—he waro mai i ngā takuahi, i ngā wheua, i ngā witi rānei. Ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi atu tikanga, pērā i te thermoluminescence, ki ngā uku, ki ngā paru wera rānei. I taua wā, ka mahia te tau whanaunga mā te whakataurite i ngā momo taonga tuku iho, ngā raupapatanga paparanga rānei: ko ngā paparanga hohonu ake he tawhito ake i ngā mea kei runga ake i a rātou.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga maha, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te hanga i tētahi rārangi wā: te wā i whakatūria ai tētahi kāinga, te āhua o tōna whanaketanga, te wā i whakangaromia ai, i whakarērea rānei, me te wā i nohoia anōtia ai. He mea nui tēnei rārangi wā hei hono i ngā kāinga ki ngā kaupapa ā-rohe pērā i te huringa āhuarangi, te hekenga mai, te whānui haere rānei o te mana tōrangapū.
Huarahi Whakawhitiwhiti Mātauranga: Mai i te Oneone ki te DNA
He maha ngā mahi a te rangahau whaipara tangata o ngā tāone hou. Ka tirohia e te tātari whaipara tangata ngā paru me ngā tukanga i hanga ai tētahi wāhi: mēnā i puta mai ētahi paparanga i ngā waipuke, i ngā horo whenua, i ngā mahi a te tangata rānei. Ka taea e ngā rangahau matū oneone te tautuhi i ngā wāhi tuku para, i ngā whare kararehe, i ngā wāhi whakaputa rānei i runga i te nui o te phosphate me ētahi atu huānga.
Kei te piki haere te whai wāhi o te koiora-ā-iwi me te tātaritanga DNA tawhito (aDNA) , inā koa ka kitea ngā toenga tangata i tata ki ngā nohoanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā isotopes i roto i ngā niho me ngā wheua, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whai i ngā tauira kai me te nekenekehanga—ahakoa i tipu ake ngā tāngata i te rohe kotahi, i heke mai rānei i ētahi atu rohe. Mā ēnei mōhiohio ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te hekenga, te marena i waenga i ngā tāngata, me ngā whanaketanga taupori.
Mā ngā hangarau matihiko pēnei i ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) ka taea te tukatuka i ngā raraunga ā-wāhi kia mārama ai ki te whanaungatanga o ngā nohoanga ki ngā puna wai, whenua ahuwhenua, huarahi hokohoko, me ngā parepare taiao. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tauira rorohiko hei whakatauira i te tipu o ngā nohoanga, i te pānga rānei o te huringa taiao ki te pumau o ngā whare noho.
Ngā Wero o te Rangahau Nohoanga Tawhito
He uaua te rangahau i ngā nohoanga tawhito. He maha ngā wāhi kei raro i ngā nohoanga hou, i ngā whenua ahuwhenua nui, i ngā wāhi whakawhanake rānei, ā, ka noho ngoikore rātou ki te whakangaromanga i mua i te taea te ako. He raruraru nui anō hoki te pahua i ngā taonga tuku iho nā te mea ka tangohia te horopaki o ngā kitenga—ahakoa ko te horopaki te toto ora o te whakamaoritanga o te keri whenua. Hei tāpiri, ka tere ake te pirau o ngā rauemi rauropi pērā i te rakau me ngā kakahu nā ngā āhuarangi pārūrū, ka noho pakarukaru ngā raraunga e toe ana.
Ko tētahi atu wero ko te whakamaoritanga: me tupato ngā tohunga whaipara tangata kia kaua e whakatinanahia ngā ariā hou ki ngā hapori o mua. Hei tauira, kāore ngā āhua whare māmā e tohu ana i te hapori "whakamuri"; he kōwhiringa urutau pea ēnei mō te taiao, he rautaki ōhanga motuhake rānei. Nō reira, me āta tupato te whaipara tangata noho, me tuwhera ki ngā momo mea ka taea, me te kōrero ki ētahi atu kaupapa ako.
Ngā Painga mō nāianei
Ehara i te mea ko ngā mea o mua anake te rangahau mō ngā nohoanga tawhito. Ka taea e ēnei kitenga te whakahihiko i te ao o nāianei, inā koa mō te urutau ki te taiao. He maha ngā nohoanga tawhito i hangaia me te whai whakaaro ki ngā mātāpono tauwhiro: te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi haumaru mai i te waipuke, te whakamahi i ngā rauemi o te rohe, te whakahaere i te hauhautanga taiao, me te whakatū pūnaha whakahaere wai. He mea nui tēnei momo mātauranga i te mea e pāngia ana e te raruraru āhuarangi me te tere o te noho tāone o ngā hapori hou.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka whakapakarihia e ngā rangahau whaipara tangata te tuakiri ahurea me te tuakiri hītori o te rohe. Mā te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā nohoanga me ngā huringa pāpori i puta, ka taea e ngā hapori te kite i te haere tonu o ngā tikanga tuku iho, me te maioha ki te kanorau ahurea i hangaia i roto i ngā tūtakitanga me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā rōpū.
Te Katinga
Ko te whaipara tangata me te ako i ngā nohoanga onamata he matapihi ki te oranga o te tangata i ia rā—me pēhea tā rātou kai, mahi, hanga whare, taunekeneke, me te aro atu ki ngā wero taiao me ngā wero pāpori. Mā roto i ngā rangahau, mahere, keri, tātari i ngā kitenga, me ngā huarahi whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga, ka whai ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te kohikohi i ngā kōrero kua tanumia e te wā. I waenganui i te riri o te whakangaromanga o te wāhi, ka mahi anō te ako i ngā nohoanga onamata hei mahi ki te tiaki i te mātauranga. Ehara i te keri noa i ngā taonga tuku iho, ka whakatairanga te whaipara tangata i te māramatanga ki te haerenga a te tangata, me te whakarato hoki i ngā akoranga whai hua mō te hanga i tētahi heke mai whakaaro nui.
