Te Hanganga o te Ira Tangata me te Ira Tangata i roto i te Anthropology
I roto i ngā rangahau tātai tangata, kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā ariā o te ira tangata me te moepuku hei anga tātari. Mā te hanganga o te ira tangata me te moepuku ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hanga me te whakahaere a ngā hapori o te ao i ō rātou tuakiri me ō rātou whanaungatanga. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te hanganga o te ira tangata me te moepuku, me te tirotiro i ngā tirohanga rerekē mai i te tirohanga tātai tangata, me te matapaki i tōna hiranga i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori o nāianei.
Te Mārama ki te Ira Tangata me te Ira Tangata
I mua i te ruku hohonu atu, me mārama tātou he aha te ira tangata me te moepuku. Ko te ira tangata e pā ana ki ngā tūranga, ngā whanonga, ngā tumanakohanga, me ngā tuakiri i hangaia e te hapori i runga i ngā rerekētanga ira tangata koiora (tāne me te wahine). Ko te moepuku, i tetahi atu taha, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga whānui pēnei i te hōhonutanga moepuku, ngā manakohanga moepuku, me te whakaaturanga moepuku.
He maha ngā wā ka taupatupatu ēnei kupu, ā, he uaua hoki. Ko te ira tangata he hanganga pāpori e awehia ana e ngā tikanga me ngā uara ahurea, ko te moepuku ia he mea takitahi ake, ā, ka taea te whakauru i ngā momo aronga, tae atu ki te ira tāne me te wahine, te ira tāne me te wahine, te ira tāne me te wahine, me ētahi atu. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ka akohia ngā mea e rua kia mārama ai ki te noho me te taunekeneke o te tangata.
Ngā Tirohanga Tangata mō te Ira Tangata
Ko te mātauranga tangata, hei ako i te tangata, e whakamahi ana i tētahi huarahi whānui ki te ako i te ira tangata. Ko te rangahau iwi, he tikanga matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata, e āhei ai ngā kaipūtaiao ki te noho tahi me ngā hapori, ki te mātakitaki, me te taunekeneke ki a rātou anō kia hohonu ake ai ngā māramatanga.
Te Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Ahurea Rerekē
He huarahi motuhake tā ia hapori ki te tautuhi me te whakaatu i te ira tangata. Hei tauira, e whakamahia ana e te iwi Bugis o Indonesia te ariā o ngā ira tangata e rima: tāne, wāhine, calalai (ngā wāhine e mahi ana pērā i te tāne), calabai (ngā tāne e mahi ana pērā i te wahine), me bissu (ngā tohunga e kiia ana he wāhanga o ngā ira tangata e rua). E whakaatu ana tēnei āhuatanga ehara te ira tangata i te ariā rua engari he whānuitanga.
Ko ētahi atu ahurea, pērā i te hapori hijra i Īnia, e whakaae ana ki tētahi ira tangata tuatoru he wāhi motuhake tōna i roto i te ao karakia me te ao whakapono. E whakaatu ana tēnei kāore te ariā o te ira tangata e whānuitia ana, engari e hangaia ana e te taiao pāpori me te ahurea e noho ana te tangata.
Ngā Awe Hanganga ki te Hanganga Ira Tangata
E ai ki ngā ariā hanganga, ko te ira tangata ka whakatauhia e te hanganga pāpori o te hapori , tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te ture. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapori patriarchal, he maha ngā wā ka rangatira ngā tāne i runga i te mana me te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi, ko ngā wāhine ia ka whakawhiwhia ki ngā tūranga iti iho.
E arotakehia ana tēnei tirohanga e ngā ariā wahine i roto i te mātauranga tangata, me te tohu ko ngā tūranga ira tangata kāore i te rite i te hua tūturu engari he mea hanga mā roto i ngā tukanga pāpori uaua. E kī ana hoki rātou ka taea te huri i ngā tūranga ira tangata i te mea ka huri ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā hanganga ahurea.
Ngā Hononga Ira Tangata me te Mana
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he mea nui anō hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ira tangata me te mana i roto i te mātauranga tangata. I tūhuratia e Michel Foucault, he tohunga whakaaro whai muri i te hanganga, te whakahaere a te mana mā roto i ngā umanga me ngā kōrero hei hanga i ngā tuakiri ira tangata. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ka tirohia te ira tangata hei hua o ngā tukanga kōrero e whakakahangia ana e ngā ture pāpori me te mana whakahaere umanga.
Te Ira Tangata i roto i te Tirohanga Tangata
Pērā i te ira tangata, he hanganga pāpori anō hoki te moepuku e pāngia ana e te ahurea. E arotake ana te mātauranga tangata i te tirohanga he mea tūturu, he mea whānui hoki te hōkakatanga moepuku me te whanonga moepuku. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata he rerekē ngā whakaaturanga o te moepuku puta noa i ngā hapori.
Ngā Rerekētanga Ahurea o te Whakaaturanga Ira Tangata
Hei tauira, i roto i te hapori Sambia o Papua New Guinea, he tikanga tuku iho kei reira ngā tāne taitamariki e moe tāne ana me ngā tāne pakeke hei wāhanga o tō rātou whakaurunga ki te pakeketanga. E wero ana tēnei tikanga i ngā tirohanga o te Hauāuru e whakaaro ana ko te takatāpui he mea noa i te ao whānui.
I roto i ētahi ahurea o Āwherika, kei reira ngā mahi pēnei i te marena maha me te polyandry, e whakamārama ana i te kore e taea te mārama ki te moepuku mai i te tirohanga o te marena kotahi anake e kiia ana he tikanga noa i roto i ngā hapori o te Hauāuru.
Te Ira Tangata me te Tuakiri
I roto i te hapori tāone o ēnei rā, kua kanorau haere, kua uaua haere hoki ngā tuakiri ira tangata. Ka whakawhānui ake te kaupapa LGBT+ i te matapakinga mō te ira tangata mā te whakanui i te kore pumau o te hōkakatanga ira tangata me te tuakiri ira tangata, engari he mea rere, ā, ka taea te huri i roto i te wā.
Nā te tohunga ira tangata, a Judith Butler, i whakaaro te ariā o te "ira tangata," e kī ana ko te ira tangata me te moepuku he hua o ngā mahi, ngā mahi rānei e whakakahangia ana e ngā tikanga pāpori. E kī ana tēnei ehara te tuakiri moepuku i te mea "hōhonu" he mea ā-roto rānei, engari he mea hanga mā roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori.
Te Hiranga o te Hanganga Ira Tangata me te Ira Tangata i roto i te Horopaki o Nāianei
He mea tino nui te mārama ki te hanganga o te ira tangata me te moepuku mai i te tirohanga a te tangata ki te ao o nāianei, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi e whai ana ki te tika pāpori me te ōritetanga o te ira tangata. I roto i te horopaki o te ao whānui, he maha ngā hapori o te rohe e anga atu ana ki te wero o te pupuri i ō rātou tuakiri ahurea i waenganui i te rere o ngā tikanga me ngā uara o te ao.
Kaupapahere Ira Tangata me te Whakamana
Mā te mārama ki ngā momo hanganga o te ira tangata ka āwhina i te hanga kaupapa here whānui ake, taurite ake hoki. Hei tauira, mā te mōhio ki ngā momo tuakiri ira tangata me ngā momo ira tangata ka arahi pea ki ngā huringa kaupapa here e pai ake ana mō te hapori LGBT+, pērā i te marena ira tangata me ngā tika whānau.
Mātauranga Ira Tangata
I roto i te mātauranga, mā te whakauru i ngā tirohanga ahurea kanorau mō te ira tangata me te moepuku ka taea te whakatairanga i ngā tirohanga uaua me te arohaehae mō te tuakiri me ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. He mea nui tēnei hei ārai i ngā whakaaro whakahāwea me ngā momo whakaaro e whakahāwea ana i ētahi rōpū.
Te Whakatairanga i te Hauora Whakaputa Uri
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he mea nui anō hoki te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga o te ira tangata i roto i te horopaki o te hauora uri. Ko ngā kaupapa here hauora me ngā kaupapa e aro ana ki ngā momo mahi me ngā tumanakohanga ira tangata ka taea te whakarite i ngā wawaotanga whai hua ake, e tika ana hoki mō te ahurea.
Te Katinga
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō te hanganga o te ira tangata me te moepuku i roto i te mātauranga tangata he tino kanorau, he hihiri hoki ngā tuakiri ira tangata me ngā mahi moepuku. He nui te awe o ngā horopaki ahurea, pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū ki te mārama me te whakaatu a te tangata i ō rātou ira tangata me te moepuku. Mā te huarahi whānui me te arohaehae, ka taea e tātou te hanga i tētahi hapori e mārama ake ana, e whakaae ana, e tika ana hoki mō ngā tuakiri katoa.
