Te Mātauranga Tangata Ture me te Tika Hapori: Te Whai i ngā Ara o te Taunekeneke Ahurea me te Ture
I roto i te kōrero mō te tika pāpori me ngā whanaketanga ture, ka tukuna e te Mātauranga Tangata Ture tētahi huarahi ahurei, whai tikanga hoki. Ko te Mātauranga Tangata Ture he peka pūtaiao e tirotiro ana i te māramatanga, te whakamahinga, me te mahi i te ture i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga me ngā tirohanga mātauranga tangata me te ariā ture, ka mahi tēnei peka pūtaiao ki te mārama ki te ture ehara i te mea he huinga tikanga, he ture rānei anake, engari he āhuatanga pāpori anō hoki e awehia ana e ngā uara, ngā tikanga, me ngā whakapono ahurea o te hapori.
I roto i te māramatanga ki te tika pāpori, ka whānui ake te tirohanga a te Ture Anthropology, ka toro atu ki tua atu i ngā ture tuhituhi, ture whaimana rānei i whakatūria e te kāwanatanga. Engari, ka whakaae ki te tūranga o te ture tuku iho, ngā tikanga pāpori, me ngā mahi ahurea e hanga ana i te oranga o ia rā o ngā hapori me ngā tāngata takitahi. Nō reira, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te tika pāpori ki te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā whakamārama ture whaimana; me mārama hoki ki ngā horopaki pāpori me ngā horopaki ahurea e awe ana i ngā whanonga me ngā whakapono ture a te tangata.
Hītori me te Whanaketanga o te Anthropology Ture
I puta ake te mātauranga tangata ture hei kaupapa mātauranga i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, me ngā takoha nui mai i ngā tohunga pērā i a E. Adamson Hoebel rāua ko Bronislaw Malinowski. Ko Malinowski, he tohunga mātauranga tangata nō Peretānia-Pōrana, tētahi o ngā paionia i roto i te ako i te ture i roto i ngā hapori "tūturu". I mōhio ia kāore e taea te wehe i te ture i roto i ngā hapori ā-rohe pērā i te Trobriands mai i tō rātou horopaki pāpori me te ōhanga. I werohia e ēnei rangahau tōmua te tirohanga pai mō te ture, i titiro ki te ture hei hinonga motuhake mai i ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea.
I roto i ngā wā, kua whanake te Mātauranga Tangata Ture, ā, kua urutau ki ngā huringa pāpori, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te ao. Kua tīmata ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te tirotiro i te pānga o ngā ture koroni me ngā ture muri-koroni ki ngā hapori o te rohe, me te āhua o te puta o ngā hē ture i roto i te horopaki o ngā whenua e ngana ana ki te whakamahi i te ture ōkawa ki ngā hanganga pāpori kanorau ahurea.
Ture me te Tika Hapori
He ariā maha ngā āhuatanga o te tika pāpori, e kapi ana i te ōritetanga, ngā tika tangata, te tohatoha rauemi, me ngā whai wāhitanga tika mō ngā tāngata katoa o te hapori. Heoi, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te tika pāpori mā te whakatinanatanga ture ōkawa anake me te kore e whai whakaaro ki te horopaki pāpori me te ahurea whānui. Koinei te wāhi e tino whai tikanga ai te tūranga o te Mātauranga Tangata Ture.
1. Te Ōritetanga Ture me ngā Iwi Tokoiti
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui rawa atu o te mātauranga tikanga tangata ture ko te māramatanga kāore te ture i te noho pūmau, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei taputapu mana e whakakaha ana i te hē o te hapori. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka pāngia ngā iwi tokoiti, ngā whakapono, ngā ira tangata rānei e te whakahāwea pūnaha nā te mea kāore ngā ture ōkawa e urutau ki ō rātou ao pāpori. Hei tauira, i roto i te horopaki o te ture tikanga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua, he iti ake ngā mana ture ōkawa o ngā wāhine i ngā tāne. Heoi, mā roto i ngā rangahau tikanga tangata, ka kitea e tātou i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā, ka uru ngā wāhine ki ngā momo ātete me te urutau maha hei wikitoria i ēnei herenga.
2. Te Ture Tikanga me te Tika Whakaora
E whakaatu ana hoki te mātauranga tikanga tangata ture i te hiranga o te ture tuku iho me te tika whakaora i roto i te whakatau pakanga. He maha ngā wā ka aro ngā pūnaha tika ōkawa ki te whiu, ko te tika whakaora ia e whai ana ki te whakatika i ngā whanaungatanga kua pakaru i te hara, i te takahi ture rānei. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori taketake i Āhia, Āwherika, me Amerika Latina, ko ngā mahi tika whakaora te mea nui ake i te whiu ōkawa. E pā ana hoki tēnei ki te ariā o te taurite pāpori me te rangimarie, e kiia ana he mea nui ake i te whiu noa iho.
3. Ture me ngā Tika Tangata
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o te tika pāpori e tirohia ana mā te tirohanga a te Mātauranga Tangata Ture ko te mārama ki ngā tika tangata i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea ā-rohe. He maha ngā wā ka awehia ngā ariā o ngā tika tangata e ngā uara me ngā tikanga o te Hauāuru, e kore nei e hototahi ki ngā whakapono me ngā mahi ahurea i ngā rohe rerekē o te ao. He mea nui kia mārama me pēhea te whakauru i ēnei tika ki roto i ngā mahi ahurea me te kore e ngaro te tirohanga ki ō rātou tikanga hohonu.
Akoranga Take: Ture me te Tika Hapori i Initonīhia
He maha ngā take whakamere mō te rangahau i roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata ture me te tika pāpori i Initonīhia, me ōna kanorau iwi, whakapono, me ngā ahurea. I roto i ētahi rohe o Initonīhia, he kaha tonu te awe o te ture tikanga ki te oranga hapori, ahakoa te tūtaki ki ngā ture whaimana i whakatūria e te kāwanatanga.
1. Te Ture Tikanga me te Pakanga Ahuwhenua
I roto i ngā rohe maha o Indonesia, he maha ngā wā ka uru ngā ture tikanga me ngā ture ā-rohe ki ngā pakanga ahuwhenua. He maha ngā wā ka whakaaro ngā hapori taketake kāore ō rātou tika ki te whenua me ngā rauemi e whakaaetia ana e te ture tikanga, ā, ka ātete rātou ki ngā kaupapa here a te kawanatanga e kitea ana e rātou he koretake. Ko te pakanga i waenganui i a PT Freeport i Papua me ngā hapori taketake tētahi tauira o te tukitukinga o te ture tikanga me te ture tikanga, ā, ka hua ake he hē nui ki ngā hapori taketake.
2. Te Tika Whakaora i roto i te Hapori Dayak
I Kalimantan, e whakamahi ana te iwi Dayak i tētahi pūnaha whakawa tuku iho e aro ana ki te whakaora me te whakahou i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, kaua ki te whakatakoto whiu kino. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, he maha ngā wā ka whai ngā kaihara i tētahi tukanga whakatau tata e uru ana ngā kaumātua tuku iho me te patunga, me te whāinga kia tae ki tētahi whakataunga rangimārie e makona ai ngā rōpū katoa e whai wāhi ana.
3. Ngā Wahine i roto i te Ture Tikanga o Aceh
I Aceh, ko te whakamahinga o te ture tikanga me te shariā Ihirama ka awe i te oranga pāpori me ngā tika o ngā wāhine. Ka taea e te mātauranga tangata ture te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ake ki te huarahi e whakatere ai ngā wāhine o Aceh i te ture tikanga me te shariā, me te pehea hoki e whakapuaki ai rātou i te tika i roto i te horopaki o ō rātou oranga o ia rā.
Ngā Takoha me ngā Wero o te Mātauranga Tangata Ture
He maha ngā takoha nui a te mātauranga tangata ture ki te mārama me te whakatairanga i te tika pāpori. Mā roto i ngā rangahau hōhonu me ngā tātaritanga mara, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ture te tautuhi i ngā mahi e whakakaha ana i te kore tika pāpori me te tautuhi i ngā huarahi hei hanga pūnaha ture whānui ake, tika ake hoki. Heoi anō, he nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te kaupapa, tae atu ki ngā take matatika i roto i te rangahau me ngā herenga i roto i te whakamahi i ngā kitenga mātauranga ki ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui whai hua.
Whakamutunga
Mā te mātauranga tangata ture ka huaki he matapihi mō tātou ki te mārama ki te ture i roto i te horopaki whānui: te titiro ki a ia hei wāhanga nui o te ahurea, te ōhanga, me te hanganga pāpori o te hapori. Mā te awhi i tēnei huarahi, ka kitea e tātou he huarahi whai hua ake, he huarahi tika ake hoki hei whakamana i te ture me te whakatutuki i te tika pāpori tūturu. Ko ngā rangahau hōhonu mō te taunekeneke i waenga i te ture me te ahurea ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i te mātauranga pūtaiao engari ka whai wāhi nui hoki ki te hanga i tētahi hapori tika ake, ā, ka taurite ake.
