# Te Ariā Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Akoranga Tangata Whenua
He ariā taketake te ira tangata e aro nuitia ana i roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata. Mā te rangahau i te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka tirohia te āhua o te hanganga, te māramatanga, me te oranga o ngā tuakiri tāne me te wahine i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē o te ao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te ariā o te ira tangata i roto i te horopaki mātauranga tangata, ka whai i te whanaketanga o te whakaaro ira tangata, ā, ka tirohia te āhua o te tirohanga me te whakapuakitanga o te ira tangata i roto i ngā hapori rerekē.
## Te Mārama ki te Ira Tangata i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te ira tangata he hanganga pāpori e pā ana ki ngā tūranga, ngā whanonga, ngā mahi, me ngā āhuatanga e whakaarohia ana he tika mō ngā tāne me ngā wāhine i roto i tētahi ahurea. He rerekē tēnei ariā i te ira tangata, e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga koiora i waenga i ngā tāne me ngā wāhine. E kite ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata i te ira tangata he mea hihiri, he mea rerekē hoki puta noa i ngā ahurea, e awehia ana e ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me te hītori.
## Te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Akoranga Ira Tangata i roto i te Anthropology
Kua rerekē haere te ako i te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata mai i tōna tīmatanga. I ngā rā tōmua o te mātauranga tangata, he maha ngā kairangahau i aro nui ki ngā tūranga tuku iho o ngā tāne me ngā wāhine i roto i te hapori, engari kāore i te tirotiro i ngā uauatanga o aua tūranga. Heoi, nā te whanaketanga o ngā ariā wahine i ngā tau 1970 i puta ai ngā huringa nui ki te tirohanga a ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te ira tangata.
I tēnei wā, ka tīmata ngā tohunga tātai tangata wahine ki te whakamārama i te āhua o ngā rangahau tātai tangata o mua i aro ki te ira tangata, me te kore aro ki ngā takoha a ngā wāhine ki te hapori. I whakanuia e rātou te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā wheako me ngā tirohanga a ngā wāhine kia whiwhi ai i tētahi pikitia whānui o te ahurea. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai te ariā o te "tātai tangata ira tangata," he mea whānui ake, he mea whakahē hoki i ngā tikanga ira tangata o nāianei.
## Ngā Tirohanga Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Ahurea Rerekē
Ko tētahi o ngā taonga o ngā rangahau tātai tangata ko tōna kaha ki te whakaatu i te kanorau o ngā tirohanga mō te ira tangata puta noa i ngā ahurea. Anei ētahi tauira o ngā tirohanga rerekē mō te ira tangata puta noa i ngā ahurea o te ao:
### Te Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Rōpū Taketake o Amerika
He rerekē ngā tirohanga a ētahi hapori Māori mō te ira tangata i ngā hapori o te Hauāuru. E mōhio ana ētahi iwi ki te ariā e mōhiotia ana ko te "Wairua-Rua," e pā ana ki ngā tāngata takitahi e whakakotahi ana i ngā āhuatanga tāne me ngā āhuatanga wahine. E whakanuia ana te Wairua-Rua i roto i ētahi ahurea, ā, e kiia ana he tūranga pāpori me te wairua nui tā rātou.
### Te Ira Tangata i roto i te Hapori Hijra i Inia
He rōpū tuakiri ira tangata e mōhiotia ana ngā Hijra i Inia, e mōhiotia ana he koretake, he kore rānei i roto i te anga takirua o te tāne me te wahine. He maha ngā tūranga motuhake a ngā Hijra i roto i ngā kawa me ngā hui whakapono, ā, e mōhiotia ana e te pūnaha ture Inia he ira tangata tuatoru. Nā te ako i ngā Hijra i āwhina ki te whakaatu i ngā uauatanga o te tuakiri ira tangata i tua atu i te pūnaha takirua e kitea ana i te Hauāuru.
### Hapori Bugis i te Tonga o Sulawei
He māramatanga whakamere tō te iwi Bugis o South Sulawesi, Indonesia, mō te ira tangata, e mōhiotia ana e rātou e rima ngā momo ira tangata: oroané (tāne), makunrai (wahine), calabai (tāne e rite ana ki te wahine), calalai (wahine e rite ana ki te tāne), me bissu (tohunga wahine e kiia ana he tapu). E mōhiotia ana, e whakanuia ana hoki e tēnei pūnaha ira tangata te kanorau o ngā tuakiri ira tangata me ngā tūranga i roto i tō rātou hapori.
## Ngā Whakamāramatanga Ariā o te Ira Tangata
Kua awehia te mātauranga tangata o te ira tangata e ngā momo huarahi ariā, ā, kua āwhina ēnei ki te hura i ngā momo taha o tēnei ariā. Ko ētahi o ngā huarahi ariā matarohia ki te mātauranga tangata o te ira tangata ko:
### Te Mahi Hanganga
Ko tēnei huarahi e arotahi ana ki te tautoko a ngā tūranga ira tangata i te hanganga pāpori me te taurite i roto i te hapori . E kī ana ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Radcliffe-Brown rāua ko Malinowski he mea nui te wehewehenga mahi i waenga i ngā ira tangata hei pupuri i te pumau o te hapori. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka whakahēngia tēnei huarahi mō te pupuri i te āhua o nāianei me te kore e aro ki ngā rerekētanga ira tangata.
### Mākihana me te Rauemi Hītori
E whakaatu ana te huarahi Marxist i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ira tangata me te ōhanga, me te pānga o te pūnaha kāpiti ki ngā rerekētanga ira tangata. E whakanui ana ngā kaimātai whakaaro wahine Marxist pērā i a Hartmann ko te tukino i ngā wāhine ehara i te mea nā te mana tāne anake engari nā te tukino ōhanga i roto i te pūnaha kāpiti.
### Te Whakawhanaungatanga Wahine me te Whakahoutanga o Muri iho i te Ao Hou
Ka kawea mai e te kaupapa wahine he tirohanga arohaehae ake ki ngā tikanga ira tangata me te kore taurite ira tangata i roto i te hapori. Ko te kaupapa wahine tuarua e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā wheako o ngā wāhine me te tautoko i te ōritetanga ira tangata. I taua wā, ko te kaupapa wahine o muri-hou e whakatairanga ana i te kanorau o ngā tuakiri ira tangata me ngā wheako, ā, e whakahē ana i ngā tirohanga whakahirahira mō ngā tāne me ngā wāhine.
### Ariā Takatāpui
E wero ana te ariā takatāpui i te hononga tāne-wahine, ā, e whakauru ana i tētahi whānuitanga whānui o ngā tuakiri ira tangata. E kī ana ngā tohunga ariā takatāpui pērā i a Judith Butler he mahi whakaari te ira tangata; arā, ka hangaia e ngā mahi me ngā whanonga auau i roto i tētahi horopaki pāpori. Mā tēnei huarahi ka huaki ake he māramatanga rerehua ake, matatini ake hoki mō ngā tuakiri ira tangata.
## Ira Tangata me te Mana
Kei roto hoki i te rangahau mō te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata tētahi tātaritanga o ngā whanaungatanga mana e mau ana i roto i te hanganga pāpori o te ira tangata. He nui te takoha a te tohunga whakaaro me te tohunga pāpori a Michel Foucault ki te māramatanga ki te mahi a te mana i roto i te hanganga o te tuakiri ira tangata. E ai ki a Foucault, ehara i te mea ko te mana anake e aukati ana, e pehi ana, engari e whakaputa ana hoki i te mātauranga me te tuakiri.
I whakaahua a Foucault i te mahi a ngā umanga pēnei i te whānau, te mātauranga, me te kāwanatanga ki te hanga i ngā tikanga ira tangata me te whakahaere i ngā whanonga takitahi. Nō reira, ko te ako i te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata ehara i te mea ko te tātari noa i ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te tāne me te wahine, engari ko te tātari hoki i te mahi a te mana mā roto i ngā tukanga pāpori hei hanga i ngā tuakiri ira tangata.
## Whakamutunga
Mā te ako i te ira tangata i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka kitea he māramatanga nui ki te māramatanga me te ariā o ngā ahurea rerekē ki te ira tangata. Mā te titiro ki tua atu i ngā tikanga ira tangata e whakaaetia whānuitia ana, ka āwhina te mātauranga tangata ira tangata i a tātou ki te maioha ki te kanorau o te tangata me te wero i ngā tirohanga whakawhāiti mō ngā tūranga me ngā tuakiri ira tangata. I roto i te horopaki o te ao e huri haere ana, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te ako mātauranga tangata mō te ira tangata hei māramatanga ki te uauatanga o ngā whanaungatanga tangata me te tautoko i te ōritetanga me te whakaurunga mō ngā tuakiri ira tangata katoa.
