Nā Transistors: Ke Kumu o ka ʻenehana Hou
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka transistor kekahi o nā mea i hana nui ʻia o ke kenekulia 20, e hoʻololi ana i ke ao o ka ʻenehana. ʻAʻole wale ia he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i nā mea uila like ʻole, akā ua hoʻokele pū ia i ka hana hou ma nā ʻano ʻenehana like ʻole a me ka ʻepekema. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano o ka transistor, kona mōʻaukala, pehea e hana ai, a me kona mana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana hou.
He aha ka Transistor?
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he ʻāpana semiconductor ka transistor i hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i ke au uila. ʻElua mau hana nui o ka transistor: ma ke ʻano he kuapo a he amplifier paha. I nā noi kuapo, hiki i ka transistor ke hoʻohuli a hoʻopau paha i ke kahe o ke au uila. Ma ke ʻano he amplifier, hiki i ka transistor ke hoʻonui i kahi hōʻailona uila e hiki mai ana.
Moʻolelo o nā Transistors
Ma mua o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka transistor, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻōmole hakahaka i nā mea uila. Eia nō naʻe, he mau hemahema ko nā ʻōmole hakahaka: he nui lākou, hoʻomehana maʻalahi, a ʻaʻole pono. No laila, ua hoʻomaka nā mea noiʻi e ʻimi i nā hopena ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka pono.
I ka makahiki 1947, ua hoʻomohala ʻekolu mau kānaka ʻepekema mai Bell Laboratories—ʻo John Bardeen, ʻo Walter Brattain, a me William Shockley—i ka transistor mua. ʻO kēia ʻike ʻana ka hopena o ka noiʻi nui ʻana i nā waiwai o nā semiconductors. No kēia hoʻokō, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou ka Nobel Prize in Physics i ka makahiki 1956.
Nā ʻano o nā Transistors
1. Transistor Bipolar (Transistor Huina Bipolar/BJT):
ʻElua ʻano o kēia mau transistors, ʻo NPN a me PNP, hana kēia mau transistors ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ke au uila mai ke kumu a i ka emitter. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā BJT i nā noi hoʻonui hōʻailona ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hāʻawi i nā au kiʻekiʻe.
2. Transistor Hopena Kahua (FET):
ʻAʻole e like me nā BJT, hoʻokele nā FET i ke kahe o ke au ma o kahi kahua uila. ʻO ke ʻano FET maʻamau ka MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor), kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kaapuni kikohoʻe a me nā kamepiula.
Kumumanaʻo Hana o ka Transistor
1. Transistor Bipolar (BJT):
I loko o kahi BJT, aia ʻekolu mau papa semiconductor: ka emitter, ke kumu, a me ka mea hōʻiliʻili. I loko o kahi transistor NPN, ke kau ʻia kahi voltage liʻiliʻi i ke kumu, kahe kahi au uila mai ka emitter a i ke kumu a laila i ka mea hōʻiliʻili. ʻAe kēia kaʻina hana i ka transistor e 'hoʻā' a 'pani' paha i kahi au uila nui aʻe.
2. Transistor Hopena Kahua (FET):
ʻEkolu mau kikowaena o ka FET: ke kumu, ka puka, a me ka ʻauwai. Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi voltage i ka puka, ʻo ke kahua uila hopena e hoʻomalu i ke kahe o ke au ma waena o ke kumu a me ka ʻauwai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā FET i nā noi mana haʻahaʻa.
Ka Hoʻohana ʻana o nā Transistors i ka ʻenehana hou
1. Nā kamepiula a me nā microprocessors:
He poloka hale koʻikoʻi nā transistors i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā microprocessors hou. Hiki i kahi microprocessor hou ke loaʻa nā piliona o nā transistors e hana ma ke ʻano he microswitches e hoʻokō i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi logical, e hiki ai i ke kamepiula ke hana i nā hana paʻakikī me ka wikiwiki a me ka maikaʻi.
2. Kamaʻilio Kelepona Paʻalima:
ʻO nā kelepona akamai a mākou e hoʻohana nei i kēlā me kēia lā e hilinaʻi nui nei i nā transistors i loko o kā lākou mau chips no ka hana ʻikepili, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hōʻailona, a me nā hana like ʻole. Me ka ʻole o nā transistors, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia a me ka pono e hiki ai i nā kelepona akamai.
3. Nā Uila Mea kūʻai aku:
Hoʻohana nā huahana e like me nā kīwī, nā lekiō, a me nā lako leo i nā transistors no ka hana ʻana i nā hōʻailona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana. I nā lako leo, hoʻohana ʻia nā transistors i nā amplifiers e hāʻawi i ke kani maopopo a ikaika.
4. ʻOihana Kaʻa:
Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā kaʻa hou me nā mea uila transistorized, mai nā ʻōnaehana infotainment a i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻenekini a me nā ʻōnaehana kaohi hoʻokuʻu.
5. Nā Mea Lapaʻau:
Hoʻohana nā mea lapaʻau e like me nā mea nānā puʻuwai a me nā mea hana diagnostic ʻē aʻe i nā transistors e hōʻoia i ka hana hilinaʻi a pololei hoʻi.
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā Transistors
Me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, ke hoʻomau nei nā transistors i ka hana hou i ka nui a me ka hana. ʻO kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi ka miniaturization ma o ka ʻenehana nanometer, kahi e hiki ai ke kau ʻia nā transistors hou aʻe ma kahi chip hoʻokahi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka chip ponoʻī.
Ke hana ʻia nei hoʻi ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea semiconductor hou e like me graphene a me molybdenum disulfide, kahi e hāʻawi paha i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka pono o ka ikehu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka silicon kuʻuna.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kamepiula quantum kekahi wahi kahi e hiki ai ke pani ʻia nā transistors maʻamau e nā qubits, nā ʻāpana kumu i ka computing quantum, akā e hoʻokani mau nā transistors i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka kaohi ʻana a me ke ana ʻana i ke kūlana o kēlā mau qubits.
Pani
ʻAʻole wale nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā transistors i nā kaapuni uila; ʻo lākou ke kumu o ka ʻenehana hou a mākou e hauʻoli nei i kēia lā. Mai nā kamepiula a i nā mea lapaʻau a me nā kelepona akamai, he kuleana koʻikoʻi a ākea nā transistors. Ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana e kaohi ana i ke kahe o ke au uila, ua wehe nā transistors i ka puka i nā hana hou he nui ʻole a ua hiki ke holomua i ka ʻenehana kupaianaha ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
Me ka ʻike mau ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana, ua like ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka transistor me kona wā i hala. E hoʻomau ka noiʻi hou a me nā mea hou i ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā palena o ka mea hiki, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e noho mau ana nā transistors i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ko kākou honua ʻenehana.
