Nā Laʻana Nīnau Kūkākūkā Transistor
He mau ʻāpana uila koʻikoʻi nā transistors e pāʻani ana i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma aneane nā mea uila hou. Ma ke ʻano he mau kuapo a me nā mea hoʻonui hōʻailona, hiki i nā transistors ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana holomua e like me nā kamepiula, nā kelepona paʻalima, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe he nui. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e uhi mākou i kekahi mau laʻana a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā transistors.
1. Hoʻolauna i nā Transistors
Ma mua o ko mākou komo ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻohālike, e kamaʻilio iki kākou e pili ana i nā transistors ponoʻī. ʻO ka transistor kahi ʻāpana semiconductor i haku ʻia me ʻekolu papa o nā mea like ʻole, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo NPN a i ʻole PNP, ma muli o ka doping o ka mea semiconductor. Loaʻa iā ia ʻekolu mau kikowaena: Base (B), Emitter (E), a me Collector (C).
Nā ʻano o nā Transistors
– NPN Transistor: He ʻano transistor kahi i loaʻa ai ke kumu ma waena o ʻelua mau papa ʻano-N.
– PNP Transistor: He ʻano transistor kahi i loaʻa ai ke kumu ma waena o ʻelua mau papa ʻano-P.
Hana like kēia mau ʻano transistors ʻelua, akā ʻokoʻa ke kuhikuhi o kēia manawa a me ka polarity bias.
Hana Transistor
– Ma ke ʻano he kuapo: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā transistors e hoʻā a hoʻopau paha i ke au uila i loko o kahi kaapuni.
– Ma ke ʻano he amplifier: Hiki i nā transistors ke hoʻonui i nā hōʻailona hoʻokomo liʻiliʻi i nā hoʻopuka nui aʻe.
2. Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana
Nīnau 1: Hoʻonohonoho Kumu Laulā ma kahi Transistor NPN
Nīnau: ʻO kahi transistor NPN me kahi hoʻonohonoho kumu like he 5 mA ka emitter current (IE) a me ka collector current (IC) o 4.9 mA. E hoʻoholo i ke kumu current (IB) a me ka α (alpha) parameter o ka transistor.
Kūkākūkā:
– Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ke au hoʻopuka (IE) = 5 mA
– Ka au hōʻiliʻili (IC) = 4.9 mA
– Nīnau: Ke au kumu (IB) a me ka palena α.
1. Ke helu nei i ke au kumu:
Loaʻa ke au kumu mai ka hoohalike:
\[
ʻI_E = ʻI_B + ʻI_C
\]
No laila,
\[
I_B = I_E – I_C = 5 mA – 4.9 mA = 0.1 mA
\]
2. Ke helu ʻana i ka Palena α:
ʻO ke anakahi α (alpha) ka lakio ma waena o ke au hōʻiliʻili a me ke au emitter:
\[
\alpha = \frac{I_C}{I_E} = \frac{4.9 \text{ mA}}{5 \text{ mA}} = 0.98
\]
No laila, ʻo ke au kumu (IB) he 0.1 mA a ʻo ka waiwai o ka parameter α he 0.98.
Nīnau 2: Hoʻonohonoho Emitter maʻamau ma kahi Transistor NPN
Nīnau: Loaʻa i kahi transistor NPN kahi au kumu (IB) o 20 µA a me ka loaʻa o ke au kumu (β) o 100. E helu i ke au hōʻiliʻili (IC) a me ke au emitter (IE).
Kūkākūkā:
– Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ke au kumu (IB) = 20 µA
– Loaʻa o ke au kumu (β) = 100
– Nīnau: Au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (IC) a me ke au o ka mea hoʻopuka (IE).
1. Ke helu nei i ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili:
Loaʻa ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili mai ka hoohalike:
\[
I_C = \beta \times I_B = 100 \times 20 \text{ µA} = 2000 \text{ µA} = 2 \text{ mA}
\]
2. Ke helu nei i kēia manawa Emitter:
Loaʻa ke au emitter mai ka hoohalike:
\[
ʻO I_E = I_B + I_C = 20 \text{ µA} + 2000 \text{ µA} = 2020 \text{ µA} = 2.02 \text{ mA}
\]
No laila, ʻo ke au hōʻiliʻili (IC) he 2 mA a ʻo ke au emitter (IE) he 2.02 mA.
Pilikia 3: Kaapuni Hoʻonui Transistor
Nīnau: Ma kahi kaapuni hoʻonui transistor NPN, ʻo ke anakahi kumu-emitter (V_BE) he 0.7V, ʻo ke anakahi hōʻiliʻili-emitter (V_CE) he 5V, a ʻo ke anakahi mana (V_CC) he 12V. Inā ʻo ke kū'ē hōʻiliʻili (R_C) he 1 kΩ a ʻo ke au kumu (IB) he 30 µA, e hoʻoholo i ke au hōʻiliʻili (IC) a me ke anakahi hōʻiliʻili (V_C).
Kūkākūkā:
– Ua ʻike ʻia:
– Ka uila hoʻokuʻu kumu (V_BE) = 0.7V
– Ka uila hoʻohui-hoʻopuka (V_CE) = 5V
– Ka uila kumu (V_CC) = 12V
– Ke kū'ē hōʻiliʻili (R_C) = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
– Ke au kumu (IB) = 30 µA
– Nīnau: Ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (IC) a me ke anakahi uila o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (V_C).
1. Ke helu nei i ka loaʻa o ke au kumu (β):
Mai ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo aia ka transistor i ke kūlana hana. No laila ke hoʻohana nei mākou:
\[
V_{CE} = V_C – V_E = 5V
\]
ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ʻo V_E e pili ana i ka honua (ʻo 0V ka maʻamau), a laila:
\[
V_C \approx 5V
\]
2. Ke helu nei i ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili:
Hiki ke helu ʻia ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kānāwai o Ohm:
\[
I_C = \frac{V_{CC} – V_C}{R_C}
\]
Ke hoʻololi nei i nā waiwai:
\[
I_C = \frac{12V – 5V}{1000 Ω} = \frac{7V}{1000 Ω} = 7 \text{ mA}
\]
3. Ke helu ʻana i ka Voltage Collector:
Ke hoʻohana nei i ke au i helu ʻia:
\[
V_C = V_{CC} – (I_C \times R_C) = 12V – (7 \text{mA} \times 1000 Ω) = 12V – 7V = 5V
\]
No laila, ʻo ke au o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (IC) he 7 mA a ʻo ke anakahi uila o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (V_C) he 5V.
Ka hopena
He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā transistors i nā mea uila, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mau kuapo a me nā mea hoʻonui. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka mea ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili maʻalahi i nā transistors i nā ʻano kaapuni like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā palena e like me ke au kumu, ke au hōʻiliʻili, ka uila hōʻiliʻili-emitter, a me ka loaʻa o ke au kumu (β) he ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻolālā a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kaapuni uila. Lana ko mākou manaʻo ua kōkua kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ko mākou ʻike o nā transistors!
