Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā Semiconductor
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka semiconductor kahi mea me ka conductivity uila ma waena o kahi conductor (e like me ke keleawe) a me kahi insulator (e like me ke aniani). I ke ao hou, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā semiconductors no ka mea ʻo ia nā mea kumu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea uila like ʻole, me nā diodes, transistors, a me nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia (ICs). E hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau laʻana o nā pilikia semiconductor e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu e loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu o kēia kumuhana.
1. ʻAno kristal semiconductor
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke ʻano kristal o nā semiconductors silicon a me ka hopena o kēia ʻano ma ko lākou mau waiwai uila.
Kūkākūkā: Loaʻa i nā semiconductors Silicon kahi ʻano kristal i ʻike ʻia he kristal cubic daimana. Ma kēia ʻano, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻātoma silicon i ʻehā mau ʻātoma silicon e pili ana, e hana ana i kahi pilina paʻa loa. ʻO kēia ke kumu e haʻahaʻa ai ka conductivity uila o ka silicon maʻemaʻe i ka mahana o ka lumi.
Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke alakaʻi uila o ka silicon ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea haumia (doping). No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka phosphorus (n-type doping) e hāʻawi i nā electrons manuahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka boron (p-type doping) e hana i nā lua e hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea lawe uku maikaʻi.
2. Hoʻohuihui Semiconductor
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka doping ʻano-n a me ka doping ʻano-p a me ko lākou hopena ma ka conductivity semiconductor.
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka doping ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea haumia i kahi semiconductor e hoʻololi i kona mau waiwai uila. I ka doping ʻano-n, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons valence o nā ʻātoma haumia i hoʻohui ʻia ma mua o nā ʻātoma silicon (e.g., phosphorus me 5 mau electrons valence). Lilo kēia mau electrons hou i mau electrons manuahi e hiki ke kōkua i ka conductivity uila, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka conductivity o ka mea.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i ka doping ʻano-p, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā electrons valence o nā ʻātoma haumia ma mua o ka silicon (no ka laʻana, he 3 mau electrons valence ko boron). ʻO ka nele o nā electrons valence e hana i nā lua e hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea lawe uku maikaʻi. Hoʻonui kēia mau lua i ka conductivity ma ka ʻae ʻana i ka uku e neʻe ma o ke kristal.
3. Ka Pākuʻi a me ke Alakaʻi
Nīnau: E wehewehe a wehewehe i ke kumumanaʻo o ka band gap a pehea e pili ai i ka conductivity uila o nā semiconductors.
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka band gap ka ikehu e pono ai e hoʻoneʻe i nā electrons mai ka valence band a i ka conduction band. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka band gap o nā semiconductors ma mua o nā insulators, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā conductors.
I loko o nā semiconductors, ke loaʻa i nā electrons ka ikehu lawa (no ka laʻana, mai ka wela a i ʻole nā photons), hiki iā lākou ke lele i ka band gap i ka conduction band a lilo i mau electrons manuahi e hiki ke lawe i ke au uila. ʻO ka nui o ka band gap e hoʻoholo ai i ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ʻana o nā electrons i ka conduction band:
– ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā semiconductors me nā āpau liʻiliʻi (e like me ka silicon, me kahi āpau o ~1.1 eV) e alakaʻi i ke au ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
– ʻO nā semiconductors me kahi band gap nui (e like me gallium arsenide, me kahi band gap o ~1.4 eV) e koi ana i ka ikehu hou aʻe e lilo i conductive, akā hiki ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma kekahi mau noi e like me nā diode emitting light (LED).
4. Transistor
Nīnau: He aha ka transistor a pehea e hana ai i nā noi uila?
Kūkākūkā: ʻO ka transistor kahi ʻāpana semiconductor i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonui a hoʻololi paha i nā hōʻailona uila. ʻElua ʻano maʻamau o nā transistors: nā transistors hui bipolar (BJTs) a me nā transistors hopena kahua (FETs).
I loko o kahi BJT, aia ʻekolu mau papa o ke ʻano-p a me ke ʻano-n i hoʻonohonoho ʻia (npn a i ʻole pnp). ʻO ke au uila e komo ana i ke kumu (B) e kāohi i ke kahe o ke au ma waena o ka mea hōʻiliʻili (C) a me ka mea hoʻopuka (E). I kēia manawa, i loko o kahi FET, ʻo ke ana uila i hoʻopili ʻia i ka puka (G) e kāohi i ke kahe o ke au ma waena o ka ʻauwai (D) a me ke kumu (S).
ʻAe nā transistors i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻailona no ka mea hiki i nā loli liʻiliʻi i ka mea hoʻokomo (kumu a i ʻole ka puka) ke hana i nā loli nui i ka mea hoʻopuka (collector-emitter a i ʻole drain-source). ʻO kēia ka mea e lilo ai nā transistors i mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i nā kaapuni uila, me nā amplifiers a me nā kaapuni logic.
5. Diode
Nīnau: He aha ka hana a kahi diode a pehea e hana ai?
Kūkākūkā: He ʻāpana semiconductor ka diode e ʻae ai i ke au uila e kahe i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻaoʻao. Aia ka diode i kahi hui p-n, ʻo ia ka hui ma waena o nā mea ʻano-p a me nā mea ʻano-n. Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi voltage i ke kuhikuhi i mua (anode i cathode), hiki i ke au ke kahe maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, inā hoʻopili ʻia kahi voltage i ke kuhikuhi i hope (cathode i anode), e pale ke kū'ē kiʻekiʻe i ke kahe o ke au.
ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai nā diode i nā noi e like me ka rectification (ka mea e hoʻololi i ke au alternating i ke au pololei), ka palekana kaapuni, a me ka hoʻololi hōʻailona.
6. Nā noi o nā Semiconductors i nā mea uila
Nīnau: E inoa i kekahi mau hoʻohana o nā semiconductors i ka ʻenehana hou a wehewehe i kā lākou mau hana.
Kūkākūkā: Hoʻohana ʻia nā Semiconductors i nā ʻano hana ʻenehana hou e like me:
– Nā Microprocessors a me ka Hoʻomanaʻo: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā transistors i nā kaapuni hoʻohui (ICs) e ʻae i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā microprocessors a me nā chips hoʻomanaʻo paʻakikī a maikaʻi loa.
– Nā Mea ʻIke: Hiki i nā mea ʻike semiconductor ke ʻike i nā ʻano kino like ʻole e like me ke kukui (photodiodes), ka mahana (thermistors), a me ke kaomi (nā mea ʻike piezoelectric).
– Light Emitting Diode (LED): Hiki i kekahi mau semiconductors ke hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama ke kahe ke au uila ma o lākou, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hōʻike, nā kukui, a me nā ʻōkuhi.
– Nā Kelepona Lā: Hoʻokumu nā semiconductors e like me ka silicon i kahi au uila ke hōʻike ʻia i ka lā, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā panela lā e hana i ka ikehu uila.
Pani
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu o nā semiconductors a me nā pilikia hoʻohālike like ʻole i kūkākūkā ʻia e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumuhana a me nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā semiconductors i ka ʻenehana hou. Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻatikala e hāʻawi i ka ʻike hohonu i nā hana, nā loina hana, a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā semiconductors i ke ao o nā mea uila.
