LAAU KINO

ʻO ka Phylogenetics Molecular i ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā Mea Ola ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea ola ka hoʻāʻo ʻepekema e hoʻohui i nā mea ola ma muli o ko lākou ʻano like a me nā ʻokoʻa. No nā kenekulia, ua hilinaʻi nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano morphological—ke ʻano o ke kino, ke ʻano o ke kino, nā ʻano kala, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano kino ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi nā holomua i ka biology molecular a me ka ʻenehana hoʻonohonoho DNA i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā pilina o nā meaola. ʻO kēia kahi e phylogenetics… E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka Evolution Molecular i nā meaola ola Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka Evolution ʻo ia nā loli i ke ʻano o ke kino o nā mea ola mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o kēia mau loli i ʻike ʻia aia kahi kaʻina hana ʻoi aku ka maalea a me ke kumu: nā loli ma ka pae molekala. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka evolution molekala, ke kaʻina hana o nā loli i nā mea genetic—DNA a me RNA—e hana ʻia i loko o nā heluna kanaka… E heluhelu hou aku

Hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā maʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele kikowaena ʻO nā maʻi he mau mea hoʻopilikia microscopic ʻaʻole hiki ke ola a hoʻohua kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole like me ka bacteria a i ʻole ka fungi, nona kā lākou ʻōnaehana metabolic ponoʻī, hilinaʻi nui nā maʻi i nā pūnaewele kikowaena e hana i nā ʻāpana hou. No laila, ʻo ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi—ke kaʻina hana e kope ai nā maʻi i kā lākou mea genetic a hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻāpana maʻi hou—mau nō… E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ke Kino Molekala o nā Virus DNA ʻO nā virus DNA kahi hui o nā virus nona nā mea genetic i haku ʻia me ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). ʻAʻole e like me nā virus RNA, ka mea maʻamau e hana wikiwiki a loaʻa nā helu mutation kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o nā virus DNA ma muli o ka pale ʻana o ka DNA i nā hewa replication. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻo ke kūpaʻa he mea ʻino ʻole: hiki i nā virus DNA like ʻole ke hana... E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ke Kino Molekala o nā Virus RNA ʻO nā virus RNA kahi hui o nā virus nona ka mea genetic he ribonucleic acid (RNA). Loaʻa i kēia hui nā pathogens koʻikoʻi he nui i loko o ke kanaka, nā holoholona, ​​​​a me nā mea kanu, e like me ka influenza, dengue, hepatitis C, polio, rabies, measles, a me SARS-CoV-2. ʻO ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi o nā virus RNA aia i kā lākou mau ʻano hana replication, nā helu mutation kiʻekiʻe, a me nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale. … E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO nā Virus a me kā lākou pilina me nā Cell Host ʻO nā virus kekahi o nā mea olaola hoihoi a paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke ola a hana hou kūʻokoʻa e like me ka bacteria a i ʻole ka fungi, e hilinaʻi wale ana i nā cell Host. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua manaʻo ʻia nā virus he "maʻalahi," nona wale nō nā mea genetic a me kahi kapa pale. Eia naʻe, ma… E heluhelu hou aku

ʻOperons i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā gene bacteria ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā gene ka hiki o nā cell ke "hoʻā" a "pani" paha i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā gene e like me ka mea e pono ai. I loko o nā bacteria, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia hoʻoponopono no ka mea noho lākou i nā wahi e loli wikiwiki ana—hiki ke hoʻonui koke ʻia a emi iho paha ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai, hiki ke kū koke mai nā kūlana hopohopo, a pono nā bacteria e pane pono e ola. ʻO kekahi o… E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā genes Horizontal i loko o nā bacteria ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā genes horizontal (HGT) ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea genetic ma waena o nā meaola i hana ʻole ʻia ma o ka hoʻoilina mai ka makua a i nā keiki (kū), akā "lele" ma waena o nā kānaka, ʻoiai ma waena o nā ʻano. I loko o nā bacteria, ʻo HGT kekahi o nā ʻano hana evolutionary koʻikoʻi no ka mea e hiki ai i nā bacteria ke loaʻa koke nā ʻano hou me ka ʻole o ke kali ʻana i nā mutations... E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO nā Plasmids i loko o ka Genetics Molecular ʻO nā plasmids kekahi o nā mea genetic koʻikoʻi loa i ka genetics molecular hou. ʻOiai ko lākou liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā chromosomes, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā plasmids i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana gene, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka DNA, a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana biotechnological e like me ka insulin recombinant. Ma ke ʻano o ka microbiology, loaʻa pinepine nā plasmids i nā bacteria a me kekahi mau meaola ʻē aʻe e like me ka DNA extrachromosomal e… E heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ke ʻano molekala o nā bacteria a me nā microorganisms ʻO ke ʻano molekala o nā bacteria a me nā microorganisms he lālā o ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā kaʻina hana ola ma ka pae molekala—ʻoiai pehea e mālama ʻia ai ka ʻike genetic, hōʻike ʻia, a hoʻoponopono ʻia, a pehea e launa pū ai nā molekala cellular e hoʻomau i ke ola. ʻO kāna mea nui e pili ana i ka DNA, RNA, nā protein, ka metabolism, a me nā pūnaewele hoʻoponopono e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o nā cell. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka molekala biology o nā microorganisms e hāʻawi i kahi kahua koʻikoʻi… E heluhelu hou aku