Nā Phagocytes: Ka Laina Pale Mua o ke Kino
ʻO nā phagocytes he mau pūnaewele pale e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale mammalian. Loaʻa ka inoa "phagocyte" mai ka Helene mai, kahi ʻo "phago" ke ʻano "ʻai" a ʻo "cyte" ke ʻano "kelepona." E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, ʻo ka hana nui o nā phagocytes ka ʻai ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻāpana haole e like me nā bacteria, nā virus, a me nā ʻōpala kelepona ʻē aʻe, a laila e luku ʻia. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano, nā ʻano hana, a me nā kuleana o nā phagocytes i nā pale o ke kino.
Nā ʻano o nā Phagocytes
Aia nā phagocytes i kekahi mau ʻano cell like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me kahi kuleana kikoʻī i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale. Eia kekahi o nā ʻano nui o nā phagocytes:
1. Nā Neutrophil: ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka phagocyte i loko o ke kino, ʻo nā neutrophils ka laina mua o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki i nā wahi i loaʻa i ka maʻi a laila hoʻouka i nā pathogens ma o ka phagocytosis.
2. Nā Monocytes a me nā Macrophages: ʻO nā Monocytes he mau keʻokeʻo koko e kaapuni ana i loko o ke koko. Ke hiki lākou i nā ʻiʻo kino e pono ai ka pale mau, hoʻololi lākou i macrophages. Loaʻa i nā Macrophages ka mana phagocytic nui aʻe a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā neutrophils.
3. ʻO Eosinophils a me Basophils: ʻOiai ʻaʻole like ka maikaʻi me nā neutrophils i ka phagocytosis, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko eosinophils a me basophils i ka hakakā ʻana i nā parasites a me nā allergies. Hoʻokuʻu lākou i nā granules i loaʻa nā enzymes e hiki ke luku i nā pathogens.
4. Nā Kelepona Dendritic: Ma waho aʻe o ke komo ʻana i ka phagocytosis, hana pū nā kelepona dendritic ma ke ʻano he mau kelepona hōʻike antigen (APC). Hoʻoponopono lākou i nā pathogens i ʻai ʻia a hōʻike i nā antigens i nā kelepona T, e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pane pale adaptive.
ʻAno Hana o ka Phagocyte
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka phagocytosis i ka wā e ʻike ai kahi phagocyte a hoʻopili i kahi ʻāpana haole. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia ʻike e nā mea loaʻa e ʻike i nā ʻano molekala ma ka ʻili o nā pathogens, i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻano molekala pili i ka pathogen (PAMPs).
1. Chemotaxis: Neʻe nā phagocytes i kahi o ka maʻi a i ʻole ka mumū. Alakaʻi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e nā hōʻailona kemika i hana ʻia e nā cell i hōʻino ʻia, nā pathogens, a i ʻole nā cell immune i hoʻāla ʻia.
2. Ka Nakinaki ʻana a me ka Lawe ʻana: I ka hiki ʻana i ka pahuhopu, hoʻopili ka phagocyte iā ia iho i ka ʻāpana ma o nā mea loaʻa kikoʻī ma kona ʻili. Hoʻomaopopo kēia mau mea loaʻa i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka pathogen a i ʻole opsonins (nā protein e hōʻailona ana i nā pathogens no phagocytosis).
3. Ka Hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ka Membrane a me ke Kūkulu ʻana o Phagosome: A laila e hoʻopuni ka membrane cell phagocyte i ka pathogen, e hana ana i kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻo phagosome.
4. Hoʻohui ʻia me nā Lysosomes: A laila hoʻohui ka phagosome me kahi lysosome, nona nā enzymes digestive. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hoʻokumu hou ʻana he phagolysosome.
5. Ka Hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka Luku ʻana: Hoʻopau nā enzymes Lysosomal i nā pathogens i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila e luku ai iā lākou.
6. Exocytosis: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā koena o nā ʻāpana i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā phagocytes ma waho o ke kelepona.
Ke Kūlana o nā Phagocytes i loko o ka ʻŌnaehana Palekana
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā phagocytes i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis a me ka pale ʻana i ke kino mai ka maʻi. Eia kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o nā phagocytes:
– Ka Mea Pane Mua i ka Maʻi: Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka pane pale kūlohelohe, ʻo nā phagocytes ka laina mua e pane koke ana i ka maʻi ke komo kahi pathogen i ke kino.
– Ka Hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka Pane Palekana: ʻAʻole wale nā Phagocytes e pepehi i nā pathogens akā kamaʻilio pū kekahi me nā cell immune ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokuʻu lākou i nā cytokines e hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā cell immune hou aʻe i kahi o ka maʻi a hoʻonui i ka hana o nā cell ʻē aʻe.
– Ka Hōʻike ʻana o ka Antigen: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā Macrophages a me nā cell dendritic i ka hana ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā pathogens (antigens) i nā cell T, ka mea e hoʻomaka ai i ka pane pale adaptive.
- Ka wehe ʻana i nā pūnaewele make: Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pathogens, kuleana pū nā phagocytes no ka wehe ʻana i nā pūnaewele kino make a hōʻino ʻia paha, e hōʻoia ana ʻaʻohe hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻōpala pūnaewele e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i ka mumū.
Nā Phagocytes a me nā maʻi
ʻOiai ko lākou kuleana palekana, hiki i nā phagocytes ke kōkua i kekahi manawa i ka pathology maʻi. ʻO kekahi mau kūlana e pili ai nā phagocytes i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi:
– Ka mumū mau loa: ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka phagocyte i ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki ai ke hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo e alakaʻi ai i nā maʻi mumū mau loa e like me ka rheumatoid arthritis a me ka atherosclerosis.
– ʻAʻohe Palekana: ʻO kekahi mau maʻi e like me ka maʻi granulomatous mau loa (CGD) e pili ana i ka hana ʻole o ka phagocyte, e hopena ai i ka hiki ʻole ke hakakā pono i ka maʻi.
– Respiratory Syndrome: ʻO ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o nā macrophages i loko o nā māmā e hiki ke kōkua i ka acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā phagocytes i ka pale ʻana i ke kino mai nā hoʻoweliweli pathogenic like ʻole ma o ke ʻano o ka phagocytosis a me nā pilina immunological ʻē aʻe. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana a me ke ʻano o nā phagocytes, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo i ke ʻano paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale o ke kino. ʻO ka noiʻi hou aku i nā phagocytes a pehea lākou e hana ai e hiki ke hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā maʻi lele a me nā maʻi mumū. ʻOiai he mea maʻalahi nā phagocytes i kā lākou hana o ka ʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā ʻāpana haole, he kuleana koʻikoʻi maoli nō ia i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi he nui o ka pane pale.
