I-dielectric iyisivikelo esihlukanisa amapuleti noma amashidi amabili omqhubi ku-capacitor. Ama-Insulators yizinto ezingakwazi ukuqhuba ugesi, isibonelo, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, iphepha, noma ukhuni. Umsebenzi we-dielectric ukwandisa amandla ukuze i-capacitor ikwazi ukugcina ukushaja kukagesi okwengeziwe kanye namandla kagesi akhona.
I -capacitor ingasebenza uma womabili amapuleti omqhubi engathintani ukuze ishaja kagesi ingasuki kusuka komunye umqhubi iye komunye. Ngokufanayo, ukuze ishaja kagesi ingasuki kusuka kumqhubi iye emoyeni, isikhala esiphakathi kwabaqhubi ababili kumele sibe yi-vacuum. Esihlokweni mayelana nepuleti elihambisanayo, i-capacitor kuxoxwe ngayo nge-capacitance yama-capacitor epuleti elihambisanayo ahlukaniswe yi-vacuum. I-capacitance ye-capacitor ku-vacuum inemikhawulo ukuze ukuze kwandiswe i-capacitance, beka i-dielectric phakathi kwala mapuleti amabili.
I-dielectric ikhulisa amandla kagesi ngoba amandla kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi ayancipha
Kungani amandla e-capacitor anda ngemva kokufakwa kwe-dielectric phakathi kwamapuleti noma amashidi amabili? Ukuze uthole impendulo yalo mbuzo, okokuqala, khumbula isifundo mayelana nokushaja kagesi. Njengoba amashaja kagesi ephikisana, kuyilapho ngokungafani namacala kagesi edonselana. Isibonelo, ukushaja okuhle kudonsela ukushaja okubi kodwa kuxosha ukushaja okuhle. Pho kungani amapulasitiki ashaja kabi engadonsela izingcezu ezincane zephepha ezingashajanga ngogesi? Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ucezu lwephepha lubhekana nokuhlukaniswa kwamacala okushaja.
Ama-electron ezintweni zokuvikela ezifana nephepha awakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka njengama-electron ezintweni zomqhubi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ipulasitiki eshajelwe kabi ilethwa eduze kwengxenye yephepha, ama-electron aboshwe kwi-athomu ayanqatshwa kude nepulasitiki eshajelwe kabi. Ukuze kube nokuhlukana kwe-negative charge kanye ne-positive charge ephepheni. I-negative charge ephepheni ikude kakhulu nepulasitiki, kuyilapho i-positive charge ephepheni inebanga eliseduze nepulasitiki. Bese, i-negative charge epulasitikini idonsa i-positive charge ephepheni kuze kube yilapho iphepha lisondela epulasitikini.
Inqubo yokushaja ngokwahlukana eyenzeka ezingcezwini zephepha ifana nokushaja ngokwahlukana okwenzeka ku-dielectric. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni ohlangothini lwesobunxele, isibonelo, ekuqaleni, kwakukhona izingcezu ezimbili kuphela zama-conductor ashajwe ngogesi. Ipuleti lesobunxele lishajwe kahle kuyilapho ipuleti lesokudla lishajwe kabi ukuze isiqondiso sensimu kagesi sisuke kwesobunxele siye kwesokudla.
Ngemva kokuba i-dielectric ibekwe phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi, ishaja elihle epuletini lesobunxele lidonsa ama-electron ebusweni be-dielectric obuseduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ishaja elihle epuletini lesokudla lixosha ama-electron ebusweni be-dielectric obuseduze. Ama-electron ase-dielectric, okuyi-insulator, awakhululekile ukuhamba njengama-electron kumqhubi. Ngakho-ke, ama-electron ahlala eboshelwe ku-athomu, kodwa kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwama-electron ashajeke kabi nama-proton ashajeke kahle, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.
Ukuba khona kweshaja enhle ohlangothini lwesokudla lwama-athomu e-dielectric kanye neshaja engemihle ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwama-athomu e-dielectric kudala insimu kagesi. Okusukela kwesokudla kuya kwesobunxele, okwenza insimu kagesi ibe buthaka ngenxa yeshaja kagesi epuletini lomqhubi, elisukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Ngakho-ke, insimu kagesi iyancipha hhayi ngoba ishaja kagesi emapuletini/amashidi amabili omqhubi iyancipha, kodwa ngoba insimu kagesi ibonakala ku-dielectric ngakolunye uhlangothi. Uma i-dielectric ikhishwa, amandla ensimu kagesi akhiqizwa yishaja kagesi emapuletini amabili noma amashidi omqhubi abuyela esimweni esijwayelekile.
If
Amandla ensimu kagesi akhiqizwa yishaja kagesi kuzo zombili izingqwembe zomqhubi ancishisiwe, amandla kagesi phakathi kwezingqwembe zomqhubi ezimbili nawo ancishisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi insimu kagesi ilingana ngqo namandla kagesi njengoba kushiwo ku-equation E = V / d, lapho u-E = insimu kagesi, u-V = amandla kagesi kanye no-d = ibanga phakathi kwezingqwembe ezimbili. Uma ngaphambi kokuba kube namandla kagesi ku-dielectric kungu-Vo khona-ke ngemva kwe-dielectric, amandla kagesi ancishiswa abe yi-V ngesici K.
Ngokwezibalo, i-Vo = KV noma i-V = Vo / K noma i-K = Vo / V, lapho i-K = i-dielectric constant. I-Vo> V ukuze i-K> 1.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi inani leshaja kagesi kuzo zombili izingcwecwe noma amashidi ezinqola alishintshi ukuze inani leshaja lokugcina lilingane nenani leshaja yokuqala (Q = Qo). Ushintsho kumthamo we-capacitor lubalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
C = amandla okugcina, i-Co = amandla okuqala, i-Q = ishaja yokugcina, i-Qo = ishaja yokuqala, i-V = amandla okugcina, i-Vo = amandla okuqala, i-K = i-dielectric constant
Ngokusekelwe ku-equation engenhla, kuphethwe ngokuthi i-capacitance yokuqala (Co) incane kanti i-capacitance yokugcina (C) inkulu. I-Capacitance iyanda nge-factor engu-K, lapho u-K eyi-dielectric constant. Inani le-dielectric constant yento ngayinye yokuvikela liyahlukahluka. I-dielectric constant (K) ingumphumela wesilinganiso se-capacitance ye-capacitor lapho kusetshenziswa i-dielectric, ku-capacitance ye-capacitor lapho ingasebenzisi i-dielectric.
Umthamo we-dielectric uyanda ngoba ibanga phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi liyancipha
Omunye umsebenzi we-dielectric ukunciphisa ibanga (d) phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi. Ukuze insimu kagesi (E) kanye ne-voltage kagesi (V) phakathi kwamapuleti amabili noma amashidi omqhubi kukhuphuke, njengoba kushiwo yi-equation E = V / d. Uma insimu kagesi kanye ne-voltage kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti amabili noma amashidi kukhuphuka, khona-ke amandla e-capacitor ayanda.
Uma ama-capacitor okukhulunywa ngawo ehambisana, amandla abalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Ngokusekelwe kumafomula amabili angenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi i-capacitance (C) yama-capacitor epuleti ahambisanayo ingandiswa ngokunciphisa ibanga phakathi kwamapuleti amabili noma amashidi omqhubi (d).
I-capacitance ye-dielectric iyanda ngoba i-capacitance ye-capacitor iyanda
I-dielectric yenziwe ngezinto ezivikela ukushisa, okuthi uma isensimini kagesi enamandla, yonakale. Umonakalo we-dielectric uyenzeka lapho insimu kagesi inamandla kangangokuthi ingasusa ama-electron e-athomu, bese ama-electron eshaya ama-electron kwamanye ama-athomu ukuze kuvele ukugeleza kwama-electron ku-dielectric. Ngamanye amazwi, umonakalo we-dielectric ubangela ukuthi i-dielectric eyi-insulator kagesi iphenduke umqhubi kagesi.
Ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo, yonke i-dielectric eyenziwe ngezinto ezithile zokuvikela inenani eliphezulu lensimu kagesi elingabanjwa, elibizwa ngokuthi amandla e-dielectric. Amandla e-dielectric ezinto zokuvikela makhulu kunamandla e-dielectric emoyeni futhi into ngayinye yokuvikela inamandla e-dielectric ahlukile, amanye mancane kanti amanye makhulu. Ngakho-ke uma kusetshenziswa i-dielectric enamandla amakhulu e-dielectric, insimu kagesi engabanjwa inkulu futhi i-voltage engabanjwa nayo inkulu. Uma insimu kagesi kanye ne-voltage kagesi ekhiqizwa amapuleti amabili noma amashidi omqhubi kukhulu, kulapho inani elikhulu le-charge kagesi elingabanjwa yi-conductor plate. Uma i-charge ingaphezulu ngaphakathi kwe-conductor plate, kulapho i-capacitance ye-capacitor iba nkulu khona.
