Indlela Yokusebenzisa Indlela Yokufundisa Ebucayi
Ukufundisa ngokugxeka kuyindlela yokufundisa ebeka abafundi hhayi nje njengabamukeli bolwazi, kodwa njengezifundo ezisebenzayo ezikwazi ukuhumusha, ukubuza imibuzo, nokuguqula iqiniso lezenhlalo elibazungezile. Njengoba igxile kakhulu ekucabangeni kukaPaulo Freire, ukufundisa ngokugxeka kwenqaba imodeli "yemfundo yasebhange" lapho othisha "befaka" ulwazi bese abafundi "beligcina" khona. Esikhundleni salokho, ukufundisa ngokugxeka kukhuthaza ingxoxo, ukuzindla, kanye nesenzo (praxis) ukuze ukufunda kube inqubo yokukhululwa - ikakhulukazi ekungabini nabulungisa, ukubandlulula, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezicindezelayo. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kungenziwa kanjani ngempumelelo emakilasini nasezindaweni zesikole? Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezimiso, amasu, kanye nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa ukufundisa ngokugxeka ngendlela eqhubekayo nangendlela ehambisana nesimo.
Ukuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zokufundisa ngokujulile
Ngaphambi kokuzijwayeza, othisha kudingeka baqonde izisekelo zokufundisa ngokuhlolisisa. Ingqikithi yayo ukuqaphela okubucayi: ikhono lokufunda umhlaba, hhayi nje ukufunda amagama. Abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuba baqaphele ukuthi iqiniso lezenhlalo libunjwa umlando, amandla, izindinganiso, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezintshisekelo ezithile. Ngale ndlela, bafunda ukuhlaziya "ukuthi kungani kwenzeka okuthile," "ubani ozuzayo," "ubani olimalayo," kanye "naziphi ezinye izindlela?"
Esinye isimiso ingxoxo elinganayo. Ingxoxo akuyona nje iseshini yemibuzo nezimpendulo yokuhlola ukukhumbula, kodwa ingxoxo enenjongo, lapho okuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi okuphilwa kubhekwa khona njengolwazi olufanele. Uthisha usebenza njengomxhumanisi oqondisa inqubo yokuthola ulwazi, hhayi njengomuntu onegunya kuphela ohlala elungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufundisa ngokugxeka kugcizelela i-praxis: ukuzindla okulandelwa yisenzo. Ukufunda ngokufanele kuphumela ekushintsheni—okungenani ezindleleni zokucabanga, futhi, uma kungenzeka, esenzweni somphakathi.
Ukushintsha kwezindima zothisha kanye namasiko ekilasini
Ukuqaliswa kokufundisa ngokuhlolisisa kuvame ukuqala ngokushintsha kwesimo sengqondo namasiko ekilasini. Othisha kudingeka bashintshe indima yabo kusukela "kubahlinzeki bokuqukethwe" baye "kubasizi bokufunda." Lokhu akusho ukuthi othisha balahlekelwa igunya labo, kodwa kunalokho igunya labo lisetshenziselwa ukuvula isikhala sokucabanga ngokuhlolisisa, hhayi ukuvala ingxoxo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ukudala indawo ephephile yokuveza imibono. Abafundi kufanele babe nomuzwa wokuthi imibuzo ngeke ihlazeke nokuthi imibono ehlukene ngeke ijeziswe. Othisha bangakha izivumelwano zekilasi: balalele ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, bagxeke imibono, hhayi abantu ngabanye, basebenzise idatha/izimpikiswano, futhi bahloniphe okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene. Lezi zivumelwano zenza ingxoxo ebucayi ibe nokuhleleka nokukhiqiza.
Ukuklama ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni zangempela (ukufaka izinkinga)
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zokufundisa ngokuhlolisisa imfundo ebangela izinkinga—ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni okuvela emaqinisweni aphilayo abafundi. Othisha bangaqala ngezinkinga eziseduze nasekhaya: ukungcola esikoleni, ukuxhashazwa, ukufinyelela i-inthanethi, izikhungo zokufunda ezingalingani, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, imibono ephambene ngobulili, noma umthelela wezokuxhumana nabantu. Lezi zinkinga zibe sezilethwa emkhakheni wezemfundo, zihlolwe kusetshenziswa imiqondo evela kwisayensi, izibalo, ulimi, izifundo zomphakathi, ubuciko, noma inkolo njengoba kudingeka.
Isibonelo, ezifundweni zolimi lwase-Indonesia, ikilasi lingahlaziya izindaba ezingamanga futhi libhale imephu yezimpawu zenkulumo-ze. Ezibalweni, abafundi bangabalela izibalo ngokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki endaweni yokudlela yesikole bese belinganisa umthelela wokunciphisa lokho. Ezifundweni zezenhlalo, bangaxoxa ngokungalingani kwezenhlalo ngokuhlola idatha ngobumpofu, ukufinyelela kwezempilo, noma izimo zokusebenza ezingakahleleki. Ngale ndlela, lokho okuqukethwe akuzizwa kukude nempilo yangempela, futhi inqubo yokufunda iba umsebenzi wokuqonda umhlaba.
Ukuqinisa ingxoxo kanye nophenyo olubucayi
Ingxoxo egxekayo ayiveli ngokuzenzakalelayo; idinga ukukhuliswa ngemibuzo ekhuthazayo. Othisha bangasebenzisa izinhlaka zemibuzo ezifana nalezi:
1. Kwenzekeni? (amaqiniso, okubonwe, idatha)
2. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? (imbangela, uhlelo, umlando, isakhiwo)
3. Ubani ozuzayo futhi olahlekelwayo? (amandla nomthelela)
4. Umbono kabani ogqamile? (indaba kanye nokumelwa)
5. Yiziphi ezinye izindlela noma izixazululo ezifanele? (umcabango womphakathi)
6. Yini esingayenza? (isenzo, ukumela, ukushintsha imikhuba)
Le mibuzo isiza abafundi ukuthi basuke ekuqondeni okungaphezulu baye ekuhlaziyeni okujulile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi othisha bazijwayeze amakhono okufunda nokubhala ulwazi : ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono namaqiniso, ukuhlola imithombo, ukuhlola ukwethembeka, kanye nokuqaphela ukucwasa kwabezindaba.
Ukuhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi njengomthombo wolwazi
Indlela yokufundisa ehlaziyayo ibheka okuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi abaphila ngakho njengendlela yokufunda. Ngakho-ke, othisha bangakha imisebenzi ekhuthaza ukuxoxa izindaba, ukuzindla, kanye nokubuka ensimini. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amajenali okuzindla, izingxoxo zomndeni/umphakathi, izindatshana zezithombe mayelana nendawo ezungezile, noma amamephu omphakathi ezinkinga edolobhaneni/enkingeni.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kumele kwenziwe ngendlela yokuziphatha: hhayi ukuphoqa abafundi ukuthi baveze izinto ezibucayi, ukunikeza inketho yokungaziwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho oqokwayo. Othisha kudingeka baqinisekise ukuthi ikilasi alibi yindawo yokwahlulela, kodwa libe yindawo yokuqonda.
Ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi ezenzo zomphakathi (i-praxis) ngendlela elinganisekayo
Ukuze kugwenywe ukuma engxoxweni, ukufundisa ngokugxeka kukhuthaza isenzo somphakathi. Isenzo akudingeki sibe sikhulu; okubalulekile ukuthi sinenjongo futhi singokoqobo. Othisha bangathuthukisa amaphrojekthi asekelwe ekilasini anjengalawa:
– Umkhankaso wokunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokuhlolwa kwemfucuza yesikole
– Uhlelo lokufundisa abezindaba lwabafundi abancane (i-workshop yokulwa nobuqili)
- Ucwaningo lokufinyelela ekufundeni kanye neziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa izikhungo zezikole
- Umbukiso wemisebenzi mayelana izinkinga zemvelo noma ukulingana
- Ukusebenzisana nemiphakathi yasendaweni (amabhange kadoti, imitapo yolwazi, izikhungo zezempilo)
Okudingeka kugcinwe inqubo. Abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuhlela, ukwabela imisebenzi, ukuqoqa idatha, ukuxoxisana nezinhlaka ezifanele, bese behlola umthelela. Kulokhu, bafunda ukuthi ushintsho lomphakathi ludinga ulwazi, isu, kanye nomzamo wokubambisana.
Ukushintsha indlela yokuhlola okwenziwa ngayo: kusukela ekukhumbuleni kuya ekuzindleni nasekucubunguleni
Ukufundisa ngokugxeka kuzoba nzima ukuchuma uma ukuhlola kugcizelela kuphela izimpendulo ezilungile noma ezingalungile kanye nokubamba ngekhanda. Ukuhlola kufanele kuvumele ukucabanga, ukuphikisana, kanye nokuzindla. Othisha bangasebenzisa amarubrikhi ahlola:
- Amandla empikiswano kanye nokusetshenziswa kobufakazi
- Amandla okubona imibono eminingi
- Ukucaca kokuxhumana (ngomlomo/ngokubhala)
– Ukuzicabangela: izinguquko ekuqondeni, ukuqaphela ubandlululo
- Ukubambisana kanye nomnikelo kumaphrojekthi
- Umthelela noma ukubaluleka kwesisombululo esiphakanyisiwe
Ukuhlolwa kungathatha isimo samaphothifoliyo, izindatshana ezibonisa ukuzindla, izethulo zengxoxo, imibiko yocwaningo oluncane, noma imikhiqizo yokudala efana namaphosta, ama-podcast, amavidiyo amafushane, kanye ne-infographics. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuvumela abafundi abanezindlela ezahlukene zokufunda ukuba nethuba elihle lokubonisa amakhono abo.
Ukulindela izinselele zokuqaliswa kokusebenza
Empeleni, ukufundisa ngokuhlolisisa kubhekene nezingqinamba eziningana. Okokuqala, ukulinganiselwa kwesikhathi kanye nezidingo zekharikhulamu. Isixazululo ukuhlanganisa: izinkinga zangempela zisetshenziswa njengezindlela zokufeza amakhono akhona. Okwesibili, ukumelana nesiko lokufunda elivame "ukuthula nokulalela." Othisha bangaqala ngezingxoxo zamaqembu amancane, imibuzo elula, bese kancane kancane bezijwayeza ukuveza imibono.
Okwesithathu, izindaba ezibucayi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemibono ekilasini. Othisha kudingeka babe namakhono okulinganisela: ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono ebucayi kanye nokuhlaselwa komuntu siqu, ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu lokuphepha, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu asengozini awahlosiwe. Okwesine, ubudlelwano bamandla phakathi kothisha nabafundi kunzima ukubushintsha. Othisha bangazijwayeza ukucaca: ukuchaza izizathu zemithetho, ukuvula isikhala sempendulo, kanye nokuvuma amaphutha.
Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuqala ukufundisa okubucayi
Kwabothisha abasaqala, nazi izinyathelo ezilula ongazithatha:
1. Qala ngeyunithi yokufunda exhunywe enkingeni yangempela.
2. Sebenzisa imibuzo ebucayi njengendlela yokuxoxa.
3. Nikeza imizuzu eyi-10 yokuzindla ekupheleni komhlangano (ijenali noma ithikithi lokuphuma).
4. Guqula isabelo esisodwa sibe isabelo esisekelwe ekukhetheni (isihloko, iphosta, i-podcast).
5. Mema abafundi ukuthi baklame izenzo ezincane ezingenziwa ngenyanga.
6. Ukuhlola okuhlangene: okusebenzayo, okudinga ukuthuthukiswa.
I-Penutup
Ukusebenzisa indlela yokufundisa ebucayi kusho ukucabanga kabusha ngenhloso yemfundo: hhayi nje kuphela abafundi abaphothula izifundo abangaphendula imibuzo, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa izakhamuzi ezinozwela, ezicabangayo, nezinamandla okushintsha izimo zazo. Le ndlela idinga othisha ukuba babe nesibindi engxoxweni, bazimisele ukufunda kubafundi, futhi bavule ikilasi njengendawo yentando yeningi. Ngokufaka izinkinga, ingxoxo ebucayi, ukuhlolwa okusekelwe enkambisweni, kanye namaphrojekthi ezenzo zomphakathi alinganiswayo, indlela yokufundisa ebucayi ingalethwa ekuphileni ezifundweni nasemazingeni ahlukahlukene emfundo. Ekugcineni, ukufunda akuyona nje into yezemfundo, kodwa inqubo yokwenza abantu babe ngabantu—ukufunda umhlaba, ukuqonda ukungabi nabulungisa, kanye nokuhlanganyela ekuwulungiseni.
