Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni (i-PBL) kuyindlela yokufundisa ebeka izinkinga zangempela enkabeni yenqubo yokufunda. Nge-PBL, abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuba bathuthukise ukucabanga okujulile, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye namakhono okusebenza njengeqembu.
1. Ukuqonda Ukufunda Okusekelwe Enkingeni
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni kuyindlela yokufundisa esebenzisa izinkinga njengomongo wabafundi ukuze bathole ulwazi olusha kanye nemiqondo. I-PBL ayigcini nje ngokuthola izixazululo, kodwa futhi imayelana nokuqonda ukuthi ungacabanga kanjani ukuze ufeze lezo zixazululo. Empeleni, indlela ye-PBL ihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene.
2. Umlando kanye nentuthuko ye-PBL
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni kwaqala ukuqalwa yiMcMaster University Medical School eCanada ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Lapho, le ndlela yathuthukiswa ukuze kulungiswe ukunganeliseki ngezindlela zokufundisa ezivamile, ezazibhekwa njengezingasebenzi ekusizeni abafundi bezokwelapha ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo ezokwelapha.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-PBL iye yasetshenziswa futhi yaguqulwa yizikhungo zemfundo ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nobunjiniyela, ibhizinisi, umthetho kanye nemfundo ejwayelekile.
3. Izimiso Eziyisisekelo ze-PBL
Kunezimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ezakha isisekelo sokusebenzisa Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni, okuhlanganisa:
a. Ukufunda Okusebenzayo
I-PBL igcizelela ukubandakanyeka kwabafundi okusebenzayo enkambisweni yokufunda. Abafundi kudingeka bazihlolele ulwazi ngokwabo futhi bathole izimpendulo zezinkinga ezinikeziwe, kunokuba bamane bamukele ulwazi oluvela kumfundisi ngaphandle kokwenza lutho.
b. Ngokusekelwe Ezinkingeni Zangempela
Izinkinga ezivezwa ku-PBL zivame ukutholakala ezweni langempela, okwenza zifaneleke kakhulu futhi zibe sesimweni sabafundi. Lokhu kuvumela abafundi ukuthi babone ukuqonda kwabo kwethiyori kusetshenziswa ezimweni ezisebenzayo.
c. Indlela Yokusebenzisa Imikhakha Ehlukahlukene
I-PBL ikhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwemikhakha ehlukahlukene ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Ngale ndlela, abafundi bangafunda ukubuka inkinga ngezindlela eziningi futhi bathole izixazululo eziphelele.
Ukusebenzisana kugcizelelwa kakhulu ku-PBL. Abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuba bafunde ndawonye, baxoxe, futhi babelane ngolwazi. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa amakhono okubambisana kodwa futhi kufundisa ukubaluleka kokuxhumana kanye nokuhlonipha imibono yabanye.
e. Ukuzindla
Ukuzindla kuyisici esibalulekile se-PBL. Ngemva kokuqeda inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga, abafundi bakhuthazwa ukuba bacabange ngalokho abakufundile, ukuthi bafinyelele kanjani esixazululweni, nokuthi yini abangathuthukisa esikhathini esizayo.
f. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamakhono Okucabanga Okujulile
I-PBL ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo okucabanga okubucayi. Inqubo yokuhlaziya, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokuhlola ulwazi ibalulekile ekutholeni izixazululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzisekayo.
4. Izinyathelo ku-PBL
a. Ukuhlonza Inkinga
Isinyathelo sokuqala ku-PBL ukuhlonza nokuqonda inkinga okufanele ixazululwe. Abafundi noma amaqembu abafundi ngokuvamile banikezwa isimo noma isimo esidinga ikhambi.
b. Ukuqoqwa Kolwazi
Uma inkinga isitholakele, abafundi baqoqa ulwazi olufanele. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukusesha izincwadi, izingxoxo zochwepheshe, izivivinyo, noma ezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene.
c. Ukuhlaziywa Nokuxilongwa
Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bahlaziya ulwazi abaluqoqile ukuze baqonde umsuka wenkinga kanye nezici eziyithonyayo. Ukuxilongwa kwenkinga kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kudatha etholakele.
d. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwe-Hypothesis
Kusukela kulolu hlaziyo, abafundi babe sebethuthukisa imibono noma ezinye izixazululo eziningana ezingasetshenziswa ukuxazulula inkinga.
e. Ukuqaliswa Kwesixazululo
Isixazululo esikhethiwe sibe sesisetshenziswa. Le nqubo ingase ihilele izivivinyo, ukusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo, noma eminye imisebenzi ehlobene nomongo wenkinga.
f. Ukuzindla Nokuhlola
Isigaba sokugcina ukuzindla nokuhlola. Abafundi bahlola ukusebenza kahle kwesisombululo esisetshenzisiwe, bacabange ngalokho abakufundile kule nqubo, futhi bacabangele ukuthi bangayithuthukisa kanjani indlela yabo yokuxazulula izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo.
5. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwe-PBL
Ngokweqile
1. Thuthukisa Amakhono Okucabanga Okubucayi. Ngenxa yokuthi abafundi kufanele bahlaziye izinkinga futhi bathole izixazululo ngokwabo, amakhono abo okucabanga okubucayi azothuthuka.
2. Ukufunda Okunesimo Sengqondo. Izinkinga zangempela ezifanele zenza abafundi bakhuthale kakhulu futhi baqonde ukubaluleka kwalokho abakufundayo.
3. Ukubambisana Kweqembu. I-PBL ithuthukisa amakhono okubambisana nokuxhumana abalulekile emsebenzini.
4. Ukufunda Ngokuzimela. I-PBL ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba babe abafundi abazimele abafuna ngenkuthalo ulwazi nezixazululo ngokuzimela.
I-Kekurangan
1. Isikhathi Nezinsizakusebenza. Inqubo ye-PBL ingadla isikhathi futhi idinga izinsizakusebenza eziningi kunezindlela zokufundisa zendabuko.
2. Amakhono Othisha. Othisha noma abasizi kumele babe nekhono lokuqondisa inqubo yokufunda nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abafundi bahilelekile ngenkuthalo.
3. Ukuhlola. Ukuhlola imiphumela yokufunda ku-PBL kungaba nzima kakhulu ngoba kuhilela izici ezahlukahlukene njengamakhono okucabanga ngokujulile, ukubambisana, kanye nokuqonda kahle lokho okufundwayo.
6. Ukuqaliswa kwe-PBL Ezindaweni Ezihlukahlukene
a. Imfundo Yezokwelapha
Njengoba kwaqala, i-PBL iyaqhubeka nokuba yindlela ebalulekile emfundweni yezokwelapha. Abafundi bezokwelapha banikezwa amacala ezokwelapha ukuze bawahlaziye futhi bawaxazulule, okubenza bakwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono adingekayo emitholampilo.
b. Ubunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe
Kwezobunjiniyela, i-PBL isetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ulwazi oluvela emikhakheni eminingi. Isiza abafundi ukuthuthukisa amakhono obuchwepheshe nawokuhlaziya.
c. Imfundo Yebhizinisi
Kwezamabhizinisi, i-PBL isetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zezomnotho nezokuphatha, ilungiselela abafundi ukubhekana nezinselele ezweni lebhizinisi eliguqukayo.
d. Imfundo Ejwayelekile
I-PBL isetshenziswe nasemfundweni ejwayelekile ukufundisa isayensi, izibalo, kanye nemibono yezifundo zomphakathi ngendlela ehlanganisiwe nehambisana nesimo.
Isiphetho
Ukufunda Okusekelwe Ezinkingeni (i-PBL) kuyindlela yokufundisa ephumelelayo yokuthuthukisa ukucabanga okujulile, ukubambisana, kanye namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga. Ngezimiso eziyisisekelo ezifana nokuzibandakanya okusebenzayo, ukuhlobana kwezinkinga, indlela yokusebenzisana kwemikhakha eyahlukene, umsebenzi wokubambisana, kanye nokuzindla, i-PBL ayifundisi nje kuphela ulwazi kodwa futhi ithuthukisa amakhono adingekayo ezweni langempela. Nakuba kuyinselele ngokwesikhathi kanye nezinsiza, izinzuzo zesikhathi eside ze-PBL zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqaliswa kuzo zonke izinkambu zemfundo ezahlukahlukene.
