Inqubo Yokwakhiwa Kwamalahle
I-Pendahuluan
Amalahle ayizinto zasendulo ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekweni kwamandla emhlabeni. Nakuba amalahle ebe ngumgogodla wemboni iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, abaningi abakaqapheli ngenqubo ende nengokwemvelo edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe la mafutha. Lesi sihloko sizohlola indlela amalahle akhiwa ngayo, kusukela ezigabeni zawo zokuqala njengezinto eziphilayo kuya ezintweni ezibalulekile esizimbayo futhi esizisebenzisayo namuhla.
Incazelo kanye nezinhlobo zamalahle
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngenqubo yokwakheka kwamalahle, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala ukuthi iyini ilahle. Amalahle yidwala leselula elakhiwe yikhabhoni (C) nezinye izinto ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-oxygen, i-sulfur, ne-nitrogen. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamalahle ngokusekelwe ezingeni lazo lokuguqulwa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali: i-lignite, i-sub-bituminous, i-bituminous, ne-anthracite, ezivuthwa futhi ziqukethe ikhabhoni eningi njengoba izinga lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu likhula.
Izinhlobo zamalahle
1. I-Lignite: I-Lignite uhlobo lwamalahle olusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, olunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaba ngu-25-35%. Inombala onsundu omnyama futhi inesakhiwo esibuthakathaka.
2. I-Sub-bituminous: Lolu hlobo lunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaba ngu-35-45% futhi lungcono kune-lignite.
3. I-Bituminous: Iqukethe cishe i-carbon engu-45-85%. Lolu uhlobo lwamalahle oluvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ugesi.
4. I-Anthracite: Uhlobo olusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu olunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphezu kwama-85%, luqukethe amandla aphezulu kakhulu futhi lukhiqiza ukungcola okuncane kakhulu.
Izigaba Zenqubo Yokwakhiwa Kwamalahle
Inqubo yokwakheka kwamalahle yaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamalahle. Lena inqubo ehilela ukuguqulwa kwezinsalela zezitshalo ezingcwatshwe zibe amalahle ngezigaba eziningana: ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kwe-peat, kanye nokuguqulwa kube izinhlobo ezahlukene zamalahle.
1. Ukuqongelela Izinto Eziphilayo
Isigaba sokuqala sokwakheka kwamalahle saqala eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule lapho izitshalo ezinkulu ezazihlala emaxhaphozini asendulo ziwela phansi emaxhaphozini. Lezi zitshalo, njenge-giant ferns kanye nezitshalo ezinameva, zanqwabelana ngobuningi, zakha ungqimba olukhulu lwezinto eziphilayo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-peat.
2. Ukwakheka Kwe-Peat
I-peat iyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganiswa kwamalahle. Izinto eziphilayo eziqongelelwe phansi exhaphozini zimbozwe ngamanzi nenhlabathi, okunciphisa umoya-mpilo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukubola ngokuphelele yi-aerobic bacteria. Ama-anaerobic bacteria athatha indawo futhi abole le nto kancane kancane. Le nqubo ikhiqiza i-peat enokuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi kanye nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphansi.
3. Inqubo Yokuqongelela Nokuhlushwa Kwegazi
I-peat ephumayo ibe isingcwatshwa ezinye izihlabathi, okuhlanganisa isihlabathi nodaka, bese icindezelwa ijule emhlabathini. Ingcindezi nokushisa ngaphakathi kwezingqimba ze-sedimentary kuyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubangela ukuguqulwa kwe-peat ibe yi-lignite, isigaba sokuqala samalahle angempela. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-diagenesis.
4. I-Sub-bituminous
Njengoba ingcindezi kanye nokushisa kuqhubeka nokwanda, i-lignite idlula ezinguqukweni zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ukuze ibe yi-sub-bituminous. Kulesi sigaba, isakhiwo seseli sesitshalo siqala ukunyamalala, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuyancipha, kanye nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuyanda.
5. I-Bituminous
Le nqubo iyaqhubeka ijula emhlabeni, icindezela kakhulu futhi ishisa, iguqula amalahle angaphansi kwe-bituminous abe amalahle abituminous. Kulesi sigaba, isakhiwo samalahle siba sikhulu futhi sibe nzima njengoba okuqukethwe kwawo kwekhabhoni kukhuphuka.
6. I-Anthracite
Isigaba sokugcina sokuhlanganiswa kwamalahle ukuguqulwa kwamalahle abe yi-anthracite. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu kanye namazinga okushisa isikhathi eside kakhulu. I-Anthracite inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwekhabhoni futhi iyona esebenza kahle kakhulu ekushiseni ngokungcola okuncane.
Izici Ezithinta Ukwakheka Kwamalahle
Izici eziyinhloko ezithonya inqubo yokwakheka kwamalahle zifaka:
1. Uhlobo Lwezinto Eziphilayo: Uhlobo lwezitshalo eziqongelelekayo luthinta ikhwalithi kanye nohlobo lwamalahle akhiwayo.
2. Ukucindezela: Ukucindezela okuvela esisindweni sesendlalelo esimboze ungqimba lwe-peat kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqulweni kwalo.
3. Izinga Lokushisa: Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ngenxa yokujula kwe-geothermal kanye nokungcwaba kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali enqubweni yokwenza amalahle.
4. Isikhathi: Ukwakheka kwamalahle kuthatha izigidi zeminyaka. Uma inqubo iqhubeka isikhathi eside, kulapho ikhwalithi yamalahle iba ngcono khona.
Ukubaluleka Kwezomnotho Nezemvelo
Amalahle athatha isikhundla esibalulekile emnothweni womhlaba njengomthombo wamandla oyinhloko. Inqubo yawo yokwakheka yamakhulu eminyaka ayidali nje kuphela imithombo yemvelo ebalulekile kodwa futhi iletha nezinselele zemvelo. Ukumbiwa kwamalahle nokushiswa kwawo kubangela izinkinga eziningi zemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukungcola komoya, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-CO₂, okufaka isandla ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Umthelela Wezemvelo
1. Ukungcoliswa Komoya: Ukushisa amalahle kukhipha izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen oxide (NOₓ), kanye nezinhlayiya, kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba njenge-CO₂ okubangela ukufudumala komhlaba.
2. Ukuwohloka Komhlaba: Ukumba ngokweqile kubangela ukuxhashazwa komhlaba okulimaza imvelo futhi kuthinte izitshalo nezilwane.
3. Ukugeleza Kwe-Acid Mine: Amanzi angcolile angena enhlabathini ezungeze izimayini angathwala izinsimbi ezisindayo, eziyingozi ezimpilweni zasemanzini nakubantu.
Isiphetho
Inqubo yokwakheka kwamalahle iwumphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, nesikhathi, okuthatha izigidi zeminyaka. Ukuqonda le nqubo kusinika ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi singayisebenzisa kanjani le nsiza ngokuhlakanipha nangokuzibophezela, uma sibheka umthelela wayo obalulekile emvelweni. Ngobuchwepheshe nezinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo, singanciphisa imiphumela yayo emibi futhi sandise izinzuzo zayo enhlalakahleni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, lolu lwazi alugcini nje ngokucebisa ukuqonda kwethu nge-geology kodwa futhi lusekela nemizamo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
