Iyini iTheory of Plate Tectonics?
Ithiyori ye-plate tectonics ingenye yethiyori ye-geological ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyisisekelo ekuqondeni amandla oMhlaba. Le thiyori ichaza ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba lwakhiwe kanjani ngamapuleti ahlukahlukene e-tectonic ahamba futhi asebenzisana ngaphezu kwengubo encibilikisiwe kancane. Lo mqondo awubalulekile nje kuphela kwisayensi kodwa futhi uthonya izici ezahlukene zokuphila, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo kuya ekusatshalalisweni kwezitshalo nezilwane ngokwendawo. Lesi sihloko sizogxila kakhulu ethiyori ye-plate tectonics, umlando wayo, izindlela zayo, kanye nemiphumela yayo.
Umlando Wethiyori Ye-Plate Tectonics
Inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics ayizange ivele endaweni engenalutho yesayensi. Imibono yayo eyisisekelo iguquke eminyakeni eminingi kusukela ekubonweni okuhlukahlukene kwe-geological kanye ne-geophysical. Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile ekuqaleni kwaba yi-continental drift hypothesis eyaphakanyiswa ngu-Alfred Wegener ngo-1912. UWegener waphawula ukuthi amamephu omhlaba abonakala ekhombisa amazwekazi angase "ahlanganiswe ndawonye" njengezingcezu zephazili. Le nkolelo-mbono ithi wonke amazwekazi ake ahlanganiswa ndawonye ezwekazini elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi iPangaea bese ehlukana futhi ahlukana.
Kodwa-ke, umbono kaWegener wagxekwa kakhulu ngokuntuleka kwendlela yokuchaza ukunyakaza kwezwekazi. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo olwengeziwe maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, njengokumaka phansi kolwandle kanye nokutholakala kwamaphethini afanayo amagnetic phansi kolwandle, kwanikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokunyakaza kwe-crustal. Ngawo-1960, inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics yathuthuka kusukela kule mibono futhi yamukelwa kabanzi ngumphakathi wesayensi.
Indlela Yokwenza I-Tectonic Yepuleti
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics isebenza kanjani, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba. Umhlaba unezingqimba eziningana: ingaphakathi nengaphakathi, i-mantle, kanye noqweqwe (i-lithosphere). I-lithosphere iyingqimba engaphandle eqinile futhi ihlukaniswe ngamapuleti amaningana amakhulu e-tectonic.
Lawa mapuleti ayantanta futhi ahambe phezu kwe-asthenosphere ethambile, ewuketshezi oluyi-semi-liquid. Ukunyakaza kwamapuleti kuthonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-mantle convection, ukusunduza nokudonsa kwemingcele yamapuleti, kanye namandla adonsela phansi. Ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lokunyakaza, imingcele yamapuleti ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Imingcele Ehlukene: Lapho amapuleti ehlukana khona. Isibonelo esihle yizingqimba eziphakathi kolwandle, njengeMid-Atlantic Ridge. Lapha, i-magma iphakama kusuka ku-mantle ukuze yakhe uqweqwe olusha.
2. Imingcele Ehambisanayo: Lapho amapuleti ehambela khona. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ipuleti elilodwa livame ukwehla, noma licwila, ngaphansi kwelinye, njengoba kubonakala eMariana Trench. Le nqubo ingadala izintaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba.
3. Umngcele Wokuguqula: Lapho amapuleti edlulana khona ngokuvundlile. Indawo yokuguqula edume kakhulu yiSan Andreas Fault eCalifornia.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Nezintaba-mlilo
Esinye sezimbangela eziqondile nezimangalisayo zenkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics yisimo sokuzamazama komhlaba nezintaba-mlilo. Ukucindezeleka okuqongeleleka emingceleni ye-plate ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kukhishwa ngesimo sokuzamazama komhlaba. Isibonelo, lapho ama-plate amabili emngceleni ohlangene ehamba, ukwakheka kokucindezeleka kungabangela ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu noma ngisho nochungechunge lokuzamazama komhlaba okulandelayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintaba-mlilo zivame ukwakheka emingceleni ehlanganayo nehlukene. Lapho ipuleti lolwandle lincipha ngaphansi kwepuleti lezwekazi, izinto ezivela epuletini elinciphayo ziyancibilika futhi zikhuphuke, zakhe izintaba-mlilo. Lezi zikhungo zomsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo zibalulekile ekwakheni indawo yoMhlaba futhi zithinta ngisho nesimo sezulu somhlaba.
Indima Yama-Plate Tectonics Ekubunjweni Kwendawo
I-tectonics yamapuleti idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni indawo yeplanethi yethu. Izintaba eziphakeme njengezintaba zaseHimalaya zakhiwa ukushayisana kwamapuleti ase-Indo-Australia kanye nase-Eurasia. Izigodi kanye namaphutha omhlaba, njengeGreat Rift Valley e-Afrika, kuwumphumela wokunyakaza kwamapuleti okuhlukene.
Ama-tectonic e-plate awathonyi nje kuphela ukwakheka komhlaba kodwa futhi nokwakheka kwephansi lolwandle. Iziqongo eziphakathi kolwandle yilapho kwakheka khona uqweqwe olusha lolwandle futhi lusakazeka khona. Imisele yolwandle olujulile, njenge-Mariana Trench, iyimiphumela yokuncipha, lapho i-plate eyodwa ishelela ngaphansi kwenye. Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekujikelezeni kwezinto zoMhlaba futhi zithonya ezinye izinqubo ze-geological, njengomjikelezo wekhabhoni wesikhathi eside.
Umthelela Ekuphileni Nasezindaweni Eziphilayo
Ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic nakho kuthinta ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zemvelo. Njengoba amazwekazi ehamba, izitshalo nezilwane nazo ziyahamba, ziyashintsha, noma ziyanyamalala. Isibonelo, izwekazi lase-Australia, elihlukaniswe izigidi zeminyaka, lakha indawo eyingqayizivele ehlukile emhlabeni wonke. Ngokufanayo, ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic kungadala izithiyo ezifana nezintaba ezihlukanisa izilwane eziphilayo, okuholela ekukhetheni izinto.
Izinsalela ezitholakale emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene zinikeza ubufakazi obuqinile besikhathi lapho la mazwekazi ayehlangene khona. Isibonelo, izinsalela ze-Mesosaurus yezilwane ezihuquzelayo zitholakale eNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika, zisekela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi la mazwekazi ake ahlanganiswa abe yiPangaea enkulukazi.
Ukubikezela Inhlekelele Nokunciphisa Izingozi
I-tectonics yamapuleti nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekubikezeleni nasekunciphiseni inhlekelele. Ngokuqonda amaphethini okunyakaza kwamapuleti, ososayensi bangabikezela indawo kanye namathuba okuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo esikhathini esizayo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, njenge-seismographs kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuguqulwa komhlaba, zivumela izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi zokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma.
Kodwa-ke, ukubikezela kwesikhathi eside kusesencane. Nakuba singakwazi ukubona izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu, ukunquma isikhathi esiqondile inhlekelele ezogadla ngaso kuseyinselele enkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda ekwazi ukumelana nezinhlekelele nokufundisa umphakathi ngezinhlekelele zemvelo kubalulekile.
Isiphetho
I-Plate tectonics iyinkolelo-mbono eyisisekelo kweze-geology echaza ukunyakaza kanye nokusebenzisana kwama-plate ongqimbeni loMhlaba. Le nkolelo-mbono ichaze izenzakalo eziningi ze-geological ezaziyimfihlakalo ngaphambili, kusukela ekukhukhuleni kwezwekazi kuya ekwakhekeni kwezintaba kanye nemikhuba yokunciphisa izintaba. Imiphumela yale nkolelo-mbono ibanzi kakhulu, ithinta yonke into kusukela ekwakhekeni kwendawo kuya ekusatshalalisweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe nocwaningo, ukuqonda kwethu i-plate tectonics kuye kwajula, kwavula amathuba okubikezela ngokunembile izenzakalo zemvelo nokunciphisa izingozi ezibangelwa yizo. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics ayiyona nje uhlaka lwemfundiso ye-geology, kodwa futhi iyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukusimama nokuphepha kokuphila eMhlabeni.
