Iyini i-El Niño Phenomenon kanye nomthelela wayo kwi-Geology?
I-El Niño ingenye yezenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezinethonya elikhulu eMhlabeni. Nakuba kuvame ukuxoxwa ngazo esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu—njengesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, izikhukhula, noma izinkathi “ezishintshile”—i-El Niño nayo inemiphumela ebalulekile engaqondile ezinqubweni ze-geological. Ngenkathi i-geology ifunda amatshe, izakhiwo eziqinile, izintaba-mlilo, kanye nokwakheka komhlaba, izinqubo eziningi ze-geological zithonywa amanzi, ukushisa, kanye nezinguquko emthwalweni womhlaba. Ngenxa yokuthi i-El Niño ingashintsha kakhulu amaphethini emvula, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokugeleza komkhathi nolwandle, ingabangela uchungechunge lwemiphumela ekugcineni ethinta ukuqina kwemithambeka, amazinga okuguguleka komhlaba, ukuchitheka komfula, ngisho nomsebenzi womlilo wamahlathi othinta inhlabathi.
Ukuqonda i-El Niño: ingxenye ye-ENSO
I-El Niño yisigaba esifudumele sohlelo lwe-ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation), ukushukuma kwemvelo okwenzeka oLwandlekazini iPacific olushisayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo "ezivamile", imimoya yezohwebo ivunguza isuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga eduze kwePacific equator, isunduza amanzi afudumele olwandle eduze ne-Indonesia ne-Australia. Ngenxa yalokho, iPacific entshonalanga ivame ukuba nomswakama kakhulu futhi ihlangabezana nokwakheka kwamafu emvula njalo, kuyilapho iPacific empumalanga (eduze nogu lwaseNingizimu Melika) yomile ngenxa yokuphakama—ukwanda kwamanzi olwandle abandayo, acebile ngezakhamzimba avela ngaphansi komhlaba.
Uma kwenzeka i-El Niño, imimoya yokuhweba iba buthaka noma ibuyele emuva. Amanzi afudumele avame ukuhlangana entshonalanga aya ePacific ephakathi nasempumalanga. Ukuphakama empumalanga kuba buthaka, amazinga okushisa olwandle ayakhuphuka lapho, futhi ukwakheka kwamafu kanye namaphethini emvula kuyashintsha. Imiphumela ayigcini nje ngendawo, kodwa ithinta izinhlangothi zesimo sezulu zomhlaba wonke ngokushintsha kwamaphethini emifudlana yejethi kanye nokujikeleza komoya.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, iLa Niña yisigaba esibandayo se-ENSO, lapho imimoya yezohwebo iqina khona futhi umehluko phakathi kwezimo ezimanzi nezomile ePacific uyanda. Ezimweni eziningi, imiphumela yejiyoloji ebangelwa yi-hydrology (amanzi) ingahluka phakathi kwe-El Niño neLa Niña.
Umthelela we-El Niño emvuleni kanye nase-hydrology: ukungena kwesayensi ye-geology
Ubudlelwano buka-El Niño ne-geology buvame ukwenzeka ngokushintsha kwe-hydrology kanye nezitshalo. Lapho imvula incipha kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, inhlabathi iyoma, izitshalo zimbozwe, futhi ingozi yomlilo iyanda. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwezinye izindawo, imvula iyanda, okwandisa amathuba okukhukhula kanye nokudilika komhlaba. Ngamanye amazwi, i-El Niño iguqula "izinto eziyinhloko ze-geological": amanzi kanye namandla adonsela phansi.
E-Indonesia, i-El Niño ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkathi zonyaka ezomile nezinde, yize ukuqina kwayo kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezifunda futhi akuhlali kufana kuzo zonke izimo. Izimo zomile ezinde zithinta ukutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, umswakama othambekele, kanye namandla okubopha inhlabathi. Kwezinye izimo, ukuqala kwesizini yemvula ngemva kwesomiso esibi kakhulu kungabangela ukudilika komhlabathi ngoba inhlabathi eqhekekile inikeza izindlela zokungena ngokushesha, okuvumela amanzi ukuthi afinyelele kalula endaweni yokushelela.
Ukudilika komhlaba kanye nokungazinzi kwemithambeka
Ukudilika komhlaba kuyisimo se-geomorphological esizwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zemvula. Kalula nje, ukuthambeka kuba okungazinzile lapho amandla okushayela (isisindo sezinto kanye nokuthambeka) edlula amandla aphikisayo (ukuhlangana kwenhlabathi, ukungqubuzana, kanye nezimpande zezitshalo).
I-El Niño ingathonya ukudilika komhlaba ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. Ukomisa inhlabathi nokuqhekeka
Isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside sinciphisa umswakama wenhlabathi futhi singabangela imifantu. Lapho kufika izimvula ezinkulu ekugcineni, amanzi angena ngokushesha kulezi zimfantu futhi andise ingcindezi yemifantu emhlabathini, anciphise amandla okungqubuzana futhi enze umthambeka ube lula kakhulu ukushelela.
2. Ukulahlekelwa yizitshalo
Isomiso kanye nemililo yamahlathi kunciphisa ukumbozwa kwezitshalo. Izimpande ezivame "ukubamba" inhlabathi ndawonye ziyancishiswa, okunciphisa ukuqina kwentaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuso bomhlabathi obungenalutho busengozini enkulu yokuguguleka yimvula yokuqala enamandla ngemva kwesikhathi esomile.
Izindawo ezinamagquma nezintaba, ikakhulukazi lezo eziye zabhekana nezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba (isib. ukugawulwa kwamahlathi), zingase zibe sengozini enkulu yale miphumela engaqondile ye-El Niño.
Ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukubola kwenhlabathi, kanye nezinguquko esimweni somfula
Izinguquko emaphethini emvula zithinta kakhulu amazinga okuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle. Lapho i-El Niño ibangela isomiso, ukuphuma komfula kuyancipha, okwenza buthaka ikhono lomfula lokuthutha indle. Kodwa-ke, ngokumangalisayo, ingozi yokuguguleka okukhulu inganda lapho imvula ifika ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, zesikhashana. Ngemva kwesikhathi esomile, ubuso bomhlabathi buvame ukungenwa amanzi (isibonelo, ngenxa yokwakheka koqweqwe lobuso), okuvumela amanzi emvula amaningi ukuba ageleze kunokuba angene. Ukugeleza okuphezulu kuthwala inhlabathi ekhululekile iye emifuleni, okubangela:
– Ukwanda kokugcwala kwamanzi kanye nokuchitheka kwenhlabathi emifuleni, emachibini nasezindaweni ezikude.
– Udaka olushintsha ukugeleza komfula futhi lwandise ingozi yezikhukhula esikhathini esizayo semvula.
– Umonakalo ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini ngenxa yenhlabathi encane emboze indawo yokuhlala.
Ngezinga elikhulu, imijikelezo ye-El Niño–La Niña ephindaphindayo ingathonya ukuguquguquka kwe-delta kanye nogu lolwandle, ikakhulukazi lapho izinguquko ekuphumeni komfula kanye namagagasi kuhlangana namagagasi kanye nemisinga yolwandle.
Imililo yamahlathi, i-geology yomhlaba kanye nomhlaba
I-El Niño ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwengozi yomlilo ezindaweni ezithinteke yisomiso, okuhlanganisa nezingxenye zase-Indonesia. Imililo inemiphumela ebalulekile ye-geomorphological:
– Ukulahlekelwa yizingqimba eziphilayo kanye nodoti okusebenza ukumunca amanzi emvula.
– Ukwakheka kwengqimba engathandi amanzi (engangeni manzi) enhlabathini ngenxa yokushisa, ukuze amanzi ageleze kalula phezu komhlaba futhi asheshise ukuguguleka komhlabathi.
– Ukwanda kokugeleza kwemfucumfucu ngemva komlilo, njengoba izinto ezingaphandle zithuthwa kalula ngesikhathi semvula enkulu.
Ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, imililo nayo inegalelo ekuncipheni komhlaba njengoba i-peat eshisiwe neyomisiwe ilahlekelwa umthamo. Lokhu kuncipha kungaba yinkinga yobunjiniyela be-geologi (geotechnical), okuthinta izisekelo zezakhiwo, imisele, kanye nengqalasizinda.
Umthelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuwa komhlaba
Isomiso esinde siholele ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngezidingo zasekhaya, zezolimo, nezezimboni. Kwezinye izindawo, ukuxhashazwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba amaningi kungasheshisa ukwehla komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimbozwe ngobumba nesihlabathi esincane. Ukuminyana komhlaba akubangelwa yi-El Niño kuphela; kunalokho, i-El Niño ingasebenza "njengesisusa sezenhlalo-samanzi" esanda ukuthembela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
Ukucwila komhlaba kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu: imifantu yomhlabathi, umonakalo emigwaqweni nasezindlini, kanye nengozi enkulu yezikhukhula ezindaweni ezisogwini njengoba ubuso bomhlaba buncipha uma kuqhathaniswa nolwandle.
Ingabe i-El Niño ibangela ukuzamazama komhlaba noma izintaba-mlilo?
Umbuzo uvame ukuvela: ingabe i-El Niño ingadala ukuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo? Ngokuvamile, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-tectonic kuqhutshwa kakhulu ukunyakaza kwamapuleti, ngakho-ke i-El Niño akuyona imbangela eyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluthile luhlole ubudlelwano obungaqondile phakathi kokwehluka komthwalo wamanzi (isb., imvula kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi angaphezulu) kanye nezinguquko zokucindezeleka emaphutheni noma ezinhlelweni zezintaba-mlilo.
Isimiso yilesi: izinguquko emanzini—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela emvuleni, emachibini, noma ezinguqukweni zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba—zingashintsha ingcindezi nokucindezeleka oqweqweni olungajulile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lezi zinguquko ezincane zingase zisebenze njenge-"trigger" ohlelweni oluvele lusondela endaweni yokuwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlobana akuhlali kuqinile futhi kuhlala kuyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi yocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, kunembile kakhulu ukusho ukuthi i-El Niño ithonya ngokusobala izingozi ze-geological zomhlaba (ukudilika komhlaba, ukuguguleka komhlaba, imililo, ukwehla) kunokubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu.
Imiphumela yokunciphisa kanye nokuhlela kwesifunda
Ukuqonda i-El Niño kubalulekile hhayi nje ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu kodwa nasekulawulweni kwezingozi ze-geological. Ezinye izinyathelo ezifanele zamasu zifaka:
– Ukudweba imephu yobungozi bokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokulungisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ezindaweni ezinde, ikakhulukazi njengoba kusondela ushintsho lwesizini yesomiso nemvula.
– Ukongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukugeleza okukhulu kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi ngemva kwezikhathi zesomiso.
– Ukuphathwa okuqinile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngesikhathi sesomiso ukuvimbela ukwehla komswakama.
– Ukuvimbela umlilo nokuvuselelwa kwezitshalo ukuze kugcinwe inhlabathi izinzile.
I-Penutup
I-El Niño iyisimo sezulu somhlaba wonke esisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni komkhathi nolwandle ePacific eshisayo. Imiphumela yayo idlulela ngale kwezinguquko zesimo sezulu kuya ezinqubweni zejiyoloji ngokushintsha kwemvula, ukutholakala kwamanzi, izitshalo, kanye nokuguquguquka kobuso bomhlaba. Ukudilika komhlaba, ukuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokuchitheka komhlaba, imililo eshintsha izakhiwo zomhlabathi, kanye nokuwa ngenxa yokucindezela kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyizibonelo zemiphumela yejiyoloji engathonywa yi-El Niño. Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqonda kwejiyoloji, imiphakathi kanye nohulumeni bangakha izinhlelo zokunciphisa ezifanele kakhulu zokunciphisa ingozi yezinhlekelele ezihambisana nalokhu kushintsha kwesimo sezulu sonyaka.
