Amasu Okucubungula Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Ekuhloleni Kwezwe
Ukwehliswa kwe-Seismic kuyindlela ye-geophysical esetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhloleni kwe-geological ukuze kuhlolwe izimo ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokusekelwe ekusakazweni kwamagagasi e-seismic. Le ndlela isebenzisa isimiso sokuthi amagagasi e-seismic azosakazeka ngesivinini esihlukile lapho edlula ezingqimbeni zamadwala anezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba, ikakhulukazi ubuningi kanye nokunwebeka. Ngenxa yokuthi iyasebenza kahle, ibiza kancane kunokwehliswa kwe-seismic, futhi iyakwazi ukunikeza izithombe zezakhiwo ezingajulile kuya kweziphakathi, ukwehliswa kwe-seismic kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezifundweni ze-geotechnical, i-hydrogeology, ukuhlola izinsiza, kanye nophenyo lwenhlekelele.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuqabulana Kwesimi
Ekuphendukeni kokuzamazama komhlaba, umthombo wamandla (isb., isando, ukuqhuma okuncane, noma ukwehla kwesisindo) ukhiqiza amaza okuzamazama komhlaba asakazeka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lapho amaza efika emngceleni phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ezinejubane elihlukile lokusakazeka, amanye amandla ayabonakaliswa kanti amanye ayabuyiselwa emuva. Uma ungqimba olungaphansi lunejubane eliphakeme kunengqimba ephezulu, igagasi elibuyiselwe emuva ngokujulile lingasakazeka eduze kwesixhumi bese libuyela emuva ebusweni njengegagasi eliyinhloko. Leli gagasi ngokuvamile liqoshwa njengokufika kokuqala ku-geophone.
Isihluthulelo sale ndlela ukukala isikhathi sokuhamba kwamagagasi kusuka emthonjeni kuya kumukeli ngamunye. Ngokuhlaziya ijika lebanga nesikhathi, abahumushi bangalinganisa ijubane lamagagasi kungqimba ngayinye kanye nokujula komngcele phakathi kwezingqimba. Ijubane lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba lithonywa uhlobo lwedwala, izinga lokuminyana, ukugoba kwamanzi, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, kanye nezinga lokuwa kwezulu.
Ukutholwa Kwemishini Nokutholakala Kwedatha
Ucwaningo lokuzamazama komhlaba ludinga izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile: umthombo wokuzamazama komhlaba, uhlu lwama-geophone, ikhebula kanye nohlelo lokurekhoda (i-seismograph), kanye nedivayisi yokuma. Ama-geophone abekwa ngezikhathi ezithile endleleni yokulinganisa. Amashothi adubula endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu endleleni ukuze kukhiqizwe amagagasi. Empeleni, ukwakheka kokudubula phambili nangemuva kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa amaphutha okuhumusha ngenxa yokuthambekela kwesendlalelo noma ukungafani kwezinhlangothi.
Amapharamitha abalulekile okuthola afaka phakathi isikhala se-geophone, ubude bokusabalala, inani leziteshi, kanye namandla omthombo. Isikhala esiseduze sithuthukisa ukuxazululwa kodwa sandisa isikhathi nezindleko. Ubude bokusabalala bunquma ukujula kophenyo; uma ithrekhi ide, kulapho amathuba okuqopha amagagasi aguquliwe avela ezingqimbeni ezijulile eba makhulu, uma nje umehluko wejubane unele. Ikhwalithi yedatha nayo inqunywa yizimo zasensimini: umsindo ovela kuthrafikhi, imishini, noma umoya ungaphazamisa ukuhlonza ukufika kokuqala.
Ukucubungula Nokuhumusha
Isigaba sokucubungula idatha yokuxebuka kokuzamazama komhlaba ngokuvamile siqala ngokufika kokuqala kokuqoshwa ngakunye. Ukukhetha kwenziwa ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa isofthiwe, ngokunemba okuphezulu, njengoba ngisho namaphutha amancane esikhathini angabangela amaphutha amakhulu okujula. Igrafu yesikhathi sokuhamba uma kuqhathaniswa nebanga yakhiwa. Kusukela kule grafu, izingxenye zomugqa oqondile zibonisa izinguquko ejubaneni lokusabalala kwamagagasi elihlotshaniswa nezendlalelo ezahlukene.
Izindlela zokuhumusha zakudala zifaka phakathi indlela yesikhathi sokungenelela kanye nendlela yokubuyela emuva. Isikhathi sokungenelela sisebenzisa ukuhlangana kwemigqa ekhishwe ngaphandle kusuka kuzingxenye zamagagasi abuyiselwe emuva ukuze kubalwe ukujula kwesixhumi esibonakalayo. Izindlela zokubuyela emuva kanye nezijwayelekile zokubuyela emuva (GRM) zivumelana nezimo zesendlalelo esithambekele kanye nokwehluka kwezinhlangothi. Ezimweni eziningi zanamuhla, ukuhumusha kwenziwa futhi nge-refraction tomography inversion, ekhiqiza amamodeli ejubane le-2D noma le-3D. I-Tomography isebenza ngokulungisa imodeli engaphansi komhlaba kuze kube yilapho izikhathi zokuhamba ezibaliwe zihambisana nezikhathi zokuhamba ezibonwe, ngaleyo ndlela ikhombisa ukwehluka kwejubane ngokuqhubekayo.
Izicelo Ekuhloleni Kwezwe
Ekuhloleni kwe-geological, ukujiya komhlaba kusetshenziswa kabanzi ngezinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ukumaka ukujula kwedwala kanye nobukhulu bezingqimba ezigugile. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuhleleni izisekelo zezakhiwo, amabhuloho, amadamu, kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu. Izingqimba ezigugile nezibuthakathaka ezigugile zingaba yingozi yokuwa komhlaba noma ukungazinzi kwemithambeka.
Okwesibili, ukujikijelwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kuyasiza ezifundweni ze-hydrogeological, ikakhulukazi ekuboneni izingqimba zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imingcele yamadwala engangenwa amanzi, kanye nezindawo zokuqhekeka ezingase zisebenze njengezindlela zokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ijubane lokuzamazama komhlaba linganikeza izinkomba zezinga lokugcwala kwamanzi; izingqimba ezigcwele amanzi ngokuvamile zinejubane eliphezulu kunezingqimba ezomile, yize ukuhumusha kumele kuhlanganiswe nedatha ye-geological nezinye izindlela ezifana nokuhlaziywa kwe-geoelectric.
Okwesithathu, le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezinto ezingajulile ezimbiwe njengesihlabathi, amatshe ayigugu, noma amatshe aqoshiwe, njengoba ingalinganisa ubukhulu obungaphezu kwamandla kanye nekhwalithi yamadwala. Okwesine, ukujiya komhlaba nakho kuyasiza ekuphenyweni kwezinhlekelele, isibonelo, ukumaka izindawo ezibuthakathaka ezihlotshaniswa namaphutha angajulile noma ukudilika komhlaba okungenzeka. Ukwehluka kwejubane okuhlukile kungabonisa izindawo eziqhekekile noma izingqimba zobumba ezithambile.
Izinzuzo Zobuchwepheshe Bokuqabulana Kwesiyimi
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuguqulwa kwe-seismic yizindleko zayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo. Imishini ilula kakhulu, ukutholwa kwedatha kuyashesha, futhi ukuhumusha kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezilula kanye ne-tomography yesimanje. Le ndlela iphinde inikeze izilinganiso zejubane lamagagasi okucindezela (i-P-wave), okuwusizo kumapharamitha we-geotechnical njengokuqhekeka kwamatshe kanye nesibonakaliso sobunzima besendlalelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujikijela komhlaba nge-seismic kungasebenza kahle ezimweni lapho izingqimba ezingezansi zihamba ngokushesha kunezingqimba ezingaphezulu—isimo esivamile ekushintsheni kusuka enhlabathini ekhululekile kuya edwaleni elihlanganisiwe. Ezimweni zokuhlola ezingajulile (amamitha ambalwa kuya kwamashumi amamitha), ukujikijela komhlaba nge-seismic kuvame ukuba ukukhetha okuthandwayo.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye Nezinselele
Nakuba kuwusizo, ukujikijela komhlaba kunemikhawulo okudingeka iqondwe. Le ndlela ngokuvamile ayisebenzi uma kukhona "ungqimba olufihliwe," ungqimba olunejubane eliphansi oluphakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ezinejubane eliphezulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amagagasi ajikijelwe avela kungqimba oluphansi angabusa, okwenza ungqimba oluhamba kancane lungabonakali.
Ukuphinda kugqame futhi akufaneleki kahle ekudwebeni izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma ama-targets adinga ukulungiswa okuphezulu ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka umehluko wejubane owanele ukuze amagagasi okuphinda agqame kakhulu akheke futhi aqoshwe ngokucacile. Indawo engafani kakhulu, ukuma kwezwe okuphakeme, nomsindo ophezulu kungenza kube nzima ukukhetha kokuqala futhi kuthinte ikhwalithi yemodeli.
Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yokulinganisa ukuzamazama komhlaba kufanele ihlale ilinganiswa ngedatha esekelayo efana nokubhoboza, ama-outcrops e-geological, ukuhlolwa kwe-geotechnical, noma ezinye izindlela ze-geophysical (isb., i-MASW, i-resistivity, noma i-GPR). Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha kuzokhulisa ukuthembeka kokuchazwa futhi kunciphise ukungaqondakali.
I-Penutup
Ukwehliswa kwe-seismic kuyindlela ebalulekile ye-geophysical ekuhloleni i-geological, ikakhulukazi ekuphenyweni okungaphansi komhlaba okungajulile kuya kokujulile okuphakathi. Isebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sokuhamba kwamagagasi okuzamazama, le ndlela ingalinganisa ijubane lezingqimba kanye nokujula kwemingcele yezingqimba eziphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela isize ekudwebeni i-bedrock, ukujiya kwe-weathering, amandla e-aquifer, kanye nezindawo ezibuthakathaka ngokwe-geological. Naphezu kwemikhawulo efana nobunzima bokuthola izingqimba ezifihliwe kanye nokuncika ekuqhathaniseni kwejubane, ukwehliswa kwe-seismic kuhlala kuyindlela ephumelelayo uma yaklanywa kahle futhi ihlanganiswe neminye imininingwane ye-geological. Ngokuthuthuka kwesofthiwe yokuguqulwa kwe-tomographic, amakhono ale ndlela akhule kakhulu, okwenza kube ithuluzi elifanele nelinamandla lezidingo eziningi zokuhlola i-geological kanye nobunjiniyela.
