Ukubaluleka Kwamadwala Omthombo Emjikelezweni Wamadwala
Umjikelezo wedwala uyinqubo yemvelo eqhubekayo ekhombisa ukuthi amatshe eMhlabeni akhiwa kanjani, ashintshwe, abhujiswe, bese eguqulwa kanjani ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphakathi kwale nqubo ebonakala ilula, kunomqondo owodwa oyinhloko ovame ukunganakwa ngokujulile: idwala lomthombo. Idwala lomthombo lingaqondwa njengedwala lokuqala noma idwala "lomthombo" eliba yinto yokuqala yokwakheka kwamanye amatshe ngezinqubo zokuguguleka, ukuguguleka, ukubekwa, ukuguqulwa kwesimo, kanye nokuncibilika. Ukuqonda indima yedwala lomthombo akubalulekile nje kuphela ekuchazeni umjikelezo wedwala ngokwesayensi, kodwa futhi kuyasiza empilweni yansuku zonke, isibonelo kwezolimo, ukuhlola izinsiza zamaminerali, kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele ze-geological.
Kusho ukuthini ngedwala lomthombo?
Ngokuvamile, idwala elingumzali yidwala elisebenza njengesisekelo sokwakheka kwedwala elisha. Ezimweni ezahlukene, leli gama lingaba nokugcizelela okuhlukile. Ku-geology yomjikelezo wedwala, idwala elingumzali libhekisela edwaleni lokuqala elishintsha libe yidwala eliyi-sedimentary, i-metamorphic, noma i-igneous. Kusayensi yomhlabathi (pedology), idwala elingumzali libhekisela ezintweni zokwakha inhlabathi zokuqala ezithonya izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, intambo efanayo isalokhu: idwala elingumzali "liyindawo yokuqala" enquma indlela yokushintsha kwezinto ze-geological okulandelayo.
Umhlaba awunalo uhlobo olulodwa lwedwala elingumzali. Amadwala e-igneous, sedimentary, kanye ne-metamorphic angasebenza njengamadwala angumzali, kuye ngezinqubo ezenzekayo. Isibonelo, i-granite (idwala eliyi-igneous) ingaba yidwala elingumzali lomhlabathi onesihlabathi, itshe lesihlabathi (idwala eliyi-sedimentary) ingaba yidwala elingumzali elidlula ku-metamorphism libe yi-quartzite, kanti i-limestone (idwala eliyi-sedimentary) lingaguquka libe yi-marble. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza idwala elingumzali libe umqondo obalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguqulwa kwedwala.
Umthombo weRock njengendawo yokuqala yoshintsho
Emjikelezweni wedwala, ushintsho aluveli ngokungahleliwe. Kukhona umthombo ocacile wezinto—futhi yidwala elingumzali. Lapho idwala elingumzali livezwa ezimweni ezithile zemvelo, ukwakheka kwalo kuqala ukushintsha. Uma idwala elingumzali liphezu komhlaba, lizobhekana nokuguguleka, kungaba ngokomzimba noma ngamakhemikhali. Ukuguguleka ngokomzimba kuphula idwala libe yizicucu ezincane, kuyilapho ukuguguleka kwamakhemikhali kushintsha amaminerali alo ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamanzi, umoya-mpilo, noma ama-asidi. Izinto ezigugulekile zingabe sezithwalwa ngamanzi, umoya, noma amandla adonsela phansi ngokuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokuthutha.
Ngaphandle kwedwala elivela emthonjeni, akukho "zinto zokusetshenziswa" zokuthutha nokufaka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amatshe e-sedimentary njenge-conglomerate, i-sandstone, i-shale, kanye ne-limestone empeleni ayizinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha ezivela emadwaleni amadala omthombo. Ngamanye amazwi, idwala elivela emthonjeni liwumthombo oyinhloko we-sediment eyakha izindawo eziningi zezwekazi.
Ukunquma Ukwakheka kanye Nobuntu Bamadwala Amasha
Ukubaluleka kwedwala elingumzali kuyacaca uma sixoxa ngokwakheka kwedwala elisanda kwakheka. Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zedwala elivela kulo zithonywa kakhulu yidwala elingumzali walo. Uma idwala elingumzali licebile ngamaminerali e-quartz, inhlabathi ephumayo ivame ukuba nesihlabathi se-quartz futhi ikhiqize itshe lesihlabathi eliqinile. Uma idwala elingumzali liqukethe i-feldspar eningi kanye namaminerali aguguleka kalula, inhlabathi noma inhlabathi ephumayo ingaba nobumba olucebile.
Kunjalo nangokushintshashintsha kwesimo. Uma idwala elingumzali libhekene nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokucindezeleka, amaminerali alo azophinde aphinde afane. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wokugcina uncike kakhulu kumaminerali okuqala edwaleni elingumzali. Isibonelo:
– Itshe le-lime njengedwala elingumzali, uma liguqulwa lizokhiqiza imabula.
– I-Shale njengedwala elingumzali ingaguquka kancane kancane ibe yi-slate, i-phyllite, i-schist, ngisho ne-gneiss (kuye ngokuthi i-metamorphism ingakanani).
– Itshe lesihlabathi le-quartz njengedwala elingumzali lingaba yi-quartzite eqinile kakhulu.
Ngokuqonda idwala elivela kulo, izazi ze-geology zingabikezela ukuthi yimaphi amadwala angase atholakale endaweni ethile, kanye nokulinganisa izimo ze-geological ezazikhona.
Indima Yedwala Lomzali Ekwakhekeni Komhlabathi
Empilweni yabantu, omunye wemiphumela esobala kakhulu yedwala elingumzali ukwakheka kwenhlabathi. Inhlabathi ingaphezu nje kweqoqo lothuli; iyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwe ngokuguguleka kwamatshe kanye nengxube yezinto eziphilayo. Idwala elingumzali lithonya ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi (isihlabathi, udaka, ubumba), i-pH, okuqukethwe kwamaminerali, kanye nokuzala.
Isibonelo, inhlabathi etholakala edwaleni lentaba-mlilo (njenge-andesite noma i-basalt) ivame ukuvunda ngoba icebile ngezakhamzimba ezifana ne-calcium, i-magnesium, ne-potassium. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inhlabathi etholakala edwaleni elimpofu kumaminerali athile ingaba nenhlabathi encane futhi idinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile kwezolimo. E-Indonesia, izindawo eziningi ezinomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo zinomhlabathi ovundile osekela ezolimo ezijulile—futhi lokhu kungenxa yendima yedwala elingumzali wentaba-mlilo ekuhlinzekeni ngamaminerali.
Umhlahlandlela Womlando We-Geology Nemithombo Yemvelo
Amatshe omthombo nawo abalulekile njengezinkomba zomlando we-geological. Ngokulandela idwala lomthombo wedwala eliyi-sedimentary, isibonelo, izazi ze-geology zingalinganisa imvelaphi yezinto eziyi-sedimentary: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela ezintabeni zasendulo ze-granite, i-arc yentaba-mlilo, noma isifunda esishintshashintshayo. Lokhu kuhlaziya kusiza ukwakha kabusha izimo zasendulo ze-tectonic kanye nezemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatshe omthombo ahlobene eduze nezinsiza zemvelo, okuhlanganisa amaminerali ezomnotho namandla. Amadiphozithi amaningi amaminerali akhiwa yizinqubo ze-geological ezihilela amatshe athile omthombo. Isibonelo, amanye amatshe angenawo umoya angaba imithombo yezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, igolide, noma i-nickel. Kwezinye izimo, amanye amatshe angenawo umoya asebenza njengamatshe omthombo wama-hydrocarbon—amatshe acebile ngezinto eziphilayo abese eguqulwa abe uwoyela negesi ngokucindezela nokushisa eminyakeni eyizigidi. Ngenkathi igama elithi “idwala lomthombo” ku-oyili negesi linezincazelo ezithile, umqondo oyinhloko uhlala ufana: idwala lomthombo linquma kakhulu amandla emithombo.
Izinqubo Zokuxhumanisa Kumjikelezo Wedwala
Umjikelezo wedwala uvame ukuboniswa njengomdwebo: idwala eliyi-igneous → idwala eliyi-sedimentary → idwala eliyi-sedimentary → idwala eliyi-metamorphic → i-magma → idwala eliyi-igneous futhi. Ngaphansi komdwebo, idwala elingumzali liyisixhumanisi esenza inqubo yoshintsho iqondakale ngokwembangela nomphumela. Uma sithi "amadwala ayisiyingi akheka kusuka kusiyingi," umbuzo olandelayo uthi: i-sediment yavelaphi? Impendulo cishe njalo ibuyela edwaleni elingumzali elabhekana nobunzima.
Ngakho-ke, amatshe amukelayo asisiza sibone umjikelezo wedwala hhayi nje "njengomjikelezo wezinhlobo," kodwa njengokuguqulwa kwezinto ezinemvelaphi ethile kanye nezindlela zokushintsha. Lo mqondo usifundisa nokuthi uMhlaba uyisimiso esishintshashintshayo: akukho dwala "elizinzile" ngempela. Ngaphezu kwesikhathi se-geological, wonke amatshe anamandla okuba amatshe amukelayo kwamanye amatshe.
Isiphetho
Idwala lomthombo lidlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wedwala, lisebenza njengezinto eziwumthombo futhi linquma izici zamadwala alandelayo. Ngokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi, idwala lomthombo linikeza inhlabathi edingekayo ukwakha amadwala angaphansi komhlabathi. Ngokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu, idwala lomthombo linquma uhlobo lwedwala elingaphansi komhlabathi elakhiwe, kuye ngamaminerali alo okuqala. Ngisho nasekubunjweni kwenhlabathi, idwala lomthombo lithonya ukuzala kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali-ezingokwenyama, ezithinta ngqo ezolimo kanye nokuphila kwabantu.
Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwedwala elivela emthonjeni, singaqonda umjikelezo wedwala ngendlela eqondakalayo: kusukela emvelaphi yezinto, ngenqubo yokuguqulwa, kuya emkhiqizweni wokugcina. Ekugcineni, umqondo wedwala elivela emthonjeni ugcizelela ukuthi idwala ngalinye "linomlando" kanye "namandla esikhathi esizayo" - ingxenye yomjikelezo omude obumba ubuso boMhlaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
