Inqubo Yokwakheka Kwe-Petroleum
Uphethiloli ungomunye wemithombo yemvelo eyigugu kakhulu futhi ubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yanamuhla. Lo mthombo wamandla udlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kwabantu, kusukela kwezokuthutha kanye nezimboni kuya kugesi. Kodwa-ke, sivame ukungaqapheli ukuthi inqubo yokwakheka kukaphethiloli iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ngokuningiliziwe inqubo yokwakheka kukaphethiloli, ehilela izigaba ezahlukene ze-geological kanye ne-geochemical.
Isigaba Sokuqala: Ukwakheka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Inqubo yokwakheka kukaphethiloli yaqala esikhathini esidlule, izigidi kuya emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, ulwandle lwalugcwele izinto eziphilayo ezincane, ulwelwe, kanye ne-plankton. Lapho lezi zinto eziphilayo zifa, imizimba yazo yawela phansi kolwandle yaxubana nezinhlayiya zomhlabathi nodaka. Lesi kwakuyisigaba sokuqala ekwakhekeni kwezinto eziphilayo ezazizoba uphethiloli ekugcineni.
Ukuqongelela Nokungcwaba
Ngemva kokuba izinto eziphilayo zifile futhi ziwele phansi kolwandle, zakha izingqimba zendle eqongelelekile yezinto eziphilayo. Eminyakeni eyizigidi, lezi zinhlayiya zendle ziyaqoqana, zakha ungqimba olujiyile phansi kolwandle. Le nqubo yokuqongelelana ibalulekile ngoba uma ungqimba lujiyile, kulapho amathuba okuba izinto eziphilayo ziguquke zibe ama-hydrocarbon aphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo ze-anaerobic, noma ezingenawo umoya-mpilo, zolwandle olujulile nazo zivimbela ukubola okuphelele kwalezi zinto eziphilayo.
Ukwakheka Kwamadwala Omthombo
Isigaba esilandelayo ukuguqulwa kwenhlabathi ephilayo ibe yidwala elivela emthonjeni. Le nqubo iqala ngokucindezelwa kwenhlabathi ephilayo ngokucindezela kwezinye izendlalelo zenhlabathi ezinqwabelene njalo phezu kwayo. Lokhu kucindezelwa kubangela ukwanda kwengcindezi kanye nokushisa, okuguqula kancane kancane inhlabathi ibe yidwala elivela emthonjeni, ngokuvamile itshe eliyi-shale noma i-claystone elicebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
I-Diagenesis kanye ne-Catagenesis
Ngemva kokwakheka kwedwala lomthombo, kuqala i-diagenesis kanye ne-catagenesis. I-Diagenesis yisigaba sokuqala sezinguquko zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ezidlula enhlabathini ngemva kokuminyana. Kulesi sigaba, izinto eziphilayo ziqala ukubola okwengeziwe kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ziguqulwa zibe yi-kerogen, into eyandulela ama-hydrocarbon.
I-Catagenesis yisigaba esilandelayo lapho i-kerogen iguqulwa khona kancane kancane ibe ama-hydrocarbon aketshezi nanegesi ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Le nqubo ingahlala izigidi zeminyaka futhi ngokuvamile yenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-60 no-150 degrees Celsius. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-kerogen idlula ekuqhekekeni kwamakhemikhali (ukusabela kokuqhekeka) ibe ama-molecule amancane e-hydrocarbon, okungukuthi i-petroleum kanye negesi yemvelo.
Ukufuduka
Uma uwoyela negesi yemvelo sekwakhiwe emadwaleni omthombo, awafinyeleli ngokushesha esimweni esifanele ukusetshenziswa. Lawa ma-hydrocarbon kumele asuke edwaleni lomthombo aye emadwaleni anezimbobo ezinkulu ukuze agcine uwoyela negesi. Lokhu kufuduka kuvame ukubangelwa ukucindezela ngaphakathi koMhlaba, okuphoqa uwoyela negesi ukuba kube yizingqimba eziphansi zokucindezela noma ezingibeni ezizowagcina.
Ukwakheka Kwezindawo Zokuchitha Amanzi Nezicupho
Amatshe okugcina amanzi ayizingqimba zamatshe anezimbobo eziningi kanye nokuvuleka kwamanzi, okuvumela uwoyela negesi ukuthi kuqongelelane ngaphakathi kwawo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kusetshenziswe uphethiloli, kudingeka ugibe. Lo gibe ngokuvamile uthatha isimo sesakhiwo se-geological njenge-anticline, i-salt dome, noma ugibe lwe-stratigraphic oluvimba ukufuduka kukawoyela negesi futhi lugcine ngobuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kukhona i-cap rock, ngokuvamile idwala elingangenwa njengobumba, elivimbela uwoyela negesi ukuthi ingaphumi.
Ukuhlola Nokuxhashazwa
Ngemva kokuqonda ukuthi uphethiloli wakhiwa futhi waqongelelwa kanjani, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlola nokuxhashazwa. Ukuhlola kuhilela ukusebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuthola izindawo ezingaba khona zokugcina uphethiloli. Lawa masu ahlanganisa ukuhlola kokuzamazama komhlaba, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamandla kazibuthe, kanye nokumba imithombo yokuhlola.
Uma kutholakala imithombo eyanele kawoyela, isigaba sokusebenzisa uwoyela siyaqala. Ukuxhashazwa kuhilela ukumba imithombo yokukhiqiza, ukufaka izindawo zokukhiqiza njengezindawo zokugaya uwoyela noma amapulatifomu asogwini, kanye nokuthutha uwoyela ongahluziwe uye ezindaweni zokucubungula uwoyela.
Ukucutshungulwa Kwephethiloli
Ngemva kokukhishwa kukaphethiloli, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukucubungula noma ukucwenga. Uwoyela ongahluziwe okhishwe emhlabeni usaqukethe izinto ezahlukahlukene ezifana namanzi, usawoti, i-sulfur, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo. Inqubo yokucwenga ihlose ukuhlukanisa lezi zingxenye futhi ikhiqize imikhiqizo engasetshenziswa ngqo, njengophethiloli, udizili, uphalafini, i-asphalt, kanye neminye imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli.
Inqubo yokucwenga ihilela izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko: ukucwenga okuyingxenye, ukuguqulwa (ukuqhekeka), ukuhlanza, nokuxuba. Ukucwenga okuyingxenye inqubo yokuqala lapho uwoyela ongahluziwe ushiswa khona emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, okuvumela izingxenyana ezahlukene ze-hydrocarbon ukuba ziphele bese ziphinde zihlanganiswe emazingeni okushisa athile ngokusekelwe ezisindweni zazo zama-molecule.
Okulandelayo, kwenziwa izinqubo zokuqhekeka nokuguqulwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe ama-molecule amakhulu e-hydrocarbon abe amancane, anenani elikhulu ngokwezomnotho. Izingxenye eziphumayo zibe sezihlanzwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola bese zihlanganiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo wokugcina ohlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe.
Isiphetho
Inqubo yokwakheka kwephethiloli iwuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezehlakalo ze-geological kanye ne-geochemical ezenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi. Kusukela ekuqongeleleni kwezinto eziphilayo phansi kolwandle, le nqubo ihilela ukwakheka kwamatshe omthombo, izinguquko zamakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa i-diagenesis kanye ne-catagenesis, ukufuduka kwe-hydrocarbon, kanye nokubanjwa kukawoyela negesi ezingibeni ze-geological. Ukuqonda kahle lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ekuhlolweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwephethiloli okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo.
Ngakho-ke, uphethiloli esiwusebenzisayo namuhla uwumphumela wenqubo yemvelo ende kakhulu neyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba siqaphela lokhu, kumelwe sisebenzise ngokuhlakanipha lo mthombo wemvelo futhi siqhubeke nokufuna ezinye izindlela zamandla ezinobungani nemvelo ukuze sibe nekusasa eliqhakazile.
