Indlela Yokunquma Ukuqondiswa Kwezakhiwo Zezwe
Ukuqondiswa kwezakhiwo ze-geological kuwulwazi oluyisisekelo olubalulekile ekudwebeni kwe-geological, ekuhlolweni kwezinsiza, ezifundweni ze-geotechnical, kanye nasekuncishisweni kwezinhlekelele. Ngokuqonda isiqondiso kanye nokucwila kwengqimba yedwala noma indiza yokuqhekeka, izazi ze-geological zingachaza umlando wokuguquka, zibikezele ukusatshalaliswa kwe-lithology, futhi zihlole ukungazinzi okungenzeka kwethambeka. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokunquma ngokusobala ukuqondiswa kwezakhiwo ze-geological, kusukela emiqondweni eyisisekelo kuya ezinyathelweni zokulinganisa insimu.
1. Qonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini "ukuqondiswa" ku-structural geology.
Ku-geology yesakhiwo, ukuqondiswa kubhekisela endaweni yesakhi se-geological maqondana nesistimu yokuxhumanisa yoMhlaba. Ukuqondiswa ngokuvamile kuvezwa kusetshenziswa amapharamitha amabili ayinhloko:
1. Isiqondiso (ukushaya): isiqondiso somugqa ovundlile endizeni (isb., indiza yokulala) uma indiza isikwe indawo eyisicaba. Ukushaya kuhlala kuvezwa ngamadigri e-azimuthal (0°–360°), isibonelo 045° noma 270°.
2. Ukucwilisa: i-engeli yokuthambekela kwendiza iye endaweni evundlile, elinganiswe ngokuqondile endaweni eqondile. Ukucwilisa kuqukethe ubukhulu bokucwilisa (isb. 30°, 70°) kanye nesiqondiso sokucwilisa (isb. empumalanga, eningizimu-mpumalanga, entshonalanga).
Ngaphandle kwezindiza (ezihleliwe), izakhiwo zingaba eziqondile, njengemigqa, ama-fold axes, noma imigqa e-slickenside kuma-fault planes. Kuzinto eziqondile, ukuma kuvezwa kanje:
– Ithrendi (isiqondiso somugqa ku-azimuth) kanye
– Ukucwila (umugqa oqonde phezulu uma uqhathaniswa novundlile).
2. Izinhlobo zezakhiwo okuvame ukulinganiswa ukuqondiswa kwazo
Ngaphambi kokulinganisa, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi into obhekene nayo. Ezinye izakhiwo ezivamile ze-geological yilezi:
– Imibhede emadwaleni angaphansi komhlaba
– Ukuhlukana/ukuhlukana emadwaleni ashintshashintshayo
– Ilunga: ukuphuka ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okukhulu
– Indiza yephutha: indiza ephukile enokususwa
– Uhlu lwamaminerali noma uhlu lwamaminerali
- I-axis egoqekayo
Ngayinye ingalinganiswa njengendiza noma umugqa, futhi incazelo izohluka. Kodwa-ke, isimiso sokulinganisa ukuqondiswa sifana.
3. Amathuluzi adingekayo
Ukulinganisa ukuqondiswa kwezakhiwo ze-geological kuvame ukwenziwa yi:
– Ikhampasi ye-geological (Brunton, Suunto, Silva, noma ikhampasi ye-geological efanayo) ene-clinometer yokukala i-engeli yokuthambekela.
– Incwadi yasensimini kanye nepensela engangeni manzi (noma uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthatha amanothi lwedijithali).
– Imephu eyisisekelo/imephu yesimo sendawo, i-GPS, noma ifoni ephathekayo ukuze kutholakale indawo kanye nomongo.
– Isando se-geological kanye nebhulashi elincane (ongakukhetha) ukuhlanza ubuso bendawo okufanele ilinganiswe.
– Uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhampasi efonini yakho lungasetshenziswa njengesipele, kodwa kudingeka uqaphele ngoba ukuphazamiseka kukazibuthe kwenzeka kaningi.
4. Izinyathelo zokunquma ukuqondiswa kwendiza (ukushaya nokucwilisa)
a) Khetha indawo emele indiza
Qinisekisa ukuthi izindiza ezilinganisiwe zimelela ngokunembile isakhiwo ofisa ukusiqopha. Isibonelo, ezingqimbeni ezimanzi, funa ukuthintana kwezingqimba okucacile, okungahambi kahle. Ekujuleni kwenhlabathi, funa izindiza eziqhekekile ezihambisanayo.
Gwema izinkambu ezithi:
– Kunzima kakhulu/akungalingani,
– Imbozwe yinhlabathi noma izitshalo ukuze kungacaci,
– Kuthintwa yimiphumela yendawo (isib. izindawo ezincane esiqwini esihlukanisiwe esesivele sijikelezile).
b) Kala ukushaya
Indlela ejwayelekile:
1. Beka uhlangothi lwekhampasi phezu kwedwala.
2. Lungisa ikhampasi kuze kube yilapho ibhamuza elisezingeni (uma likhona) libonisa indawo evundlile (amanye amakhampasi anesici sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhampasi ivundlile ngempela).
3. Funda inani le-azimuth elibonisa indlela yokushaya.
Amarekhodi Abalulekile:
– Ukushaya kuyindlela yomugqa ovundlile endizeni, ngakho-ke isimo “esivundlile” kumele siqinisekiswe.
– I-Strike ngokuvamile ivezwa njengenombolo eyodwa ye-azimuth (isb., 120°). Amanye amafomethi amadala asebenzisa ama-quadrant (isb., i-N60E), kodwa i-azimuth iyinto ebanzi kakhulu.
c) Kala umthambeka (ukufaka)
1. Uma ukuma sekutholiwe, thola indlela eqondile yokuma endizeni (lena indlela yokucwilisa).
2. Sebenzisa i-clinometer ngokunamathisela ikhampasi ihambisane nesiqondiso sokucwilisa.
3. Funda i-engeli yokuthambekela (0°–90°).
4. Qaphela futhi indlela yokucwilisa (isib. “cwilisa ku-210°” noma “cwilisa ku-SW”).
Isibonelo semiphumela yokubhala:
– Shaya ngo-120°, cwilisa ngo-35° kuya ku-210°
noma ifomethi emfushane esetshenziswa njalo:
– 120/35 SW (kuye ngezindinganiso zezikhungo).
d) Sebenzisa umthetho wesandla sokudla uma kudingeka.
Kwezinye izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, ukushaywa kuqoshwa ukuze isiqondiso sokucwila sihlale singakwesokudla uma ulandela isiqondiso sokushaywa. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhambisana kwedatha ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa.
5. Nquma ukuqondiswa kwesakhiwo esiqondile (ukuthambekela kanye nokucwila)
Ngomugqa noma i-fold axis:
1. Thola umugqa ocacile, isibonelo uphawu lokugunda endaweni enephutha noma lapho kuhlangana khona izindiza ezimbili.
2. Kala umkhuba ngekhampasi njengendlela yokuqondisa umugqa endaweni evundlile.
3. Kala ukucwila nge-clinometer njenge-engeli yokuthambekela komugqa kusukela ovundlile.
Isibonelo:
– Ithrendi 045°, phonsa 20°.
Uma umugqa usendizeni (isb., uhlangothi olugobile endizeni yephutha), uvame ukurekhoda kokubili: ukuqondiswa kwendizeni yephutha kanye nokuqondiswa komugqa.
6. Ukulungiswa okuvamile kanye nemithombo yamaphutha
Izilinganiso zokuma zivame kakhulu ukwenza amaphutha uma izimo zensimu zingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezifanele. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uziqaphele:
1. Ukuphazamiseka kukazibuthe: Ukuba seduze kwezimoto, uthango lwensimbi, izintambo zikagesi, amatshe agcwele i-magnetite, noma amathuluzi ensimbi kungabangela ukuthi ikhampasi iphambuke. Gcina ikhampasi kude nezinto zensimbi bese uhlola kabili.
2. Ubuso obungalingani: ubuso obunamagagasi bubangela ukushaya/ukucwilisa kuhluke. Thatha izilinganiso eziningana bese usebenzisa inani elimaphakathi noma ukhethe ingxenye ehleleke kakhulu.
3. Amatshe antantayo: amatshe asusiwe angaphenduka ukuze ukuqondiswa kwawo kungasahlali endaweni ethile. Beka phambili amatshe angaphandle asanamathele edwaleni elingaphansi.
4. Amaphutha okufunda isikali: qiniseka ukuthi ufunda izikali ze-azimuth neze-clinometer ngendlela efanele, ikakhulukazi kumakhampasi anezinhlelo ezimbili zesikali.
5. Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi: umehluko phakathi kwenyakatho yamagnetic enyakatho kanye nenyakatho yezwe. Ukuze uthole imephu eningiliziwe, faka ukulungiswa kokwehla kwamandla ngokwendawo kanye nonyaka wokulinganisa.
7. Ukurekhoda idatha encwadini yasensimini
Idatha yokuqondisa ngaphandle komongo ivame ukungasizi ngalutho. Okungenani, qaphela:
– Indawo (izixhumanisi, ukuphakama)
– Uhlobo lwesakhiwo (umbhede, ukwakheka kwamaqabunga, iphutha, ilunga)
– Inani lokushaya–ukwehla noma ukuthambekela–ukwehla
– Ikhwalithi yedatha (enhle/efanele/embi) kanye nezizathu
- Umdwebo wezindawo ezingaphandle kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo
– Isithombe esinobukhulu (isb. isando sejiyoloji) kanye nesiqondiso sokuthatha izithombe
Amanothi esibonelo:
“I-Sta 12, izixhumanisi… Umbhede esihlabathini; shaya u-075°, cwilisa u-25° uye e-SE; indawo ecacile, i-outcrop entsha; isethi yesibili kukhona amalunga angu-140/80.”
8. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kokuqondiswa: yini engaphethwa?
Uma ukuqondiswa kwamaphuzu amaningana sekuqoqwe, ungaqala ukubona amaphethini:
– Izendlalelo ezihambisanayo ekuqondeni nasekucwiliseni zingase zibonise amayunithi angagoqekile kahle.
– Ukushintshashintsha okuhlelekile kokushaywa kanye nokucwiliswa kungase kubonise ukugoqeka.
– Isethi yokuma kokuqhekeka eyakha amasethi amabili noma amathathu amakhulu ingahlobene nokucindezeleka kwesifunda.
– Umugqa endaweni yephutha kusiza ekuchazeni isiqondiso sokunyakaza (isb. ukushelela okuqondile) uma kuhlanganiswa nezinye izinkomba ze-kinematic.
Ukuze kuhlaziywe kabanzi, idatha ivame ukuqoshwa ku-stereonet (Schmidt noma Wulff net) ukuze kubonwe amaqoqo okuqondiswa kanye nobudlelwano bawo bejometri.
9. Amathiphu awusizo okulinganisa okunembe kakhudlwana
– Thatha izikali ezingaphezu kwesisodwa endaweni efanayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ziyafana.
- Hlola phakathi kwamalungu eqembu.
– Ungasheshi: qiniseka ukuthi ikhampasi inamathele kahle futhi izinzile.
– Khetha isitshalo esisha nesicwebezelayo kunazo zonke.
– Gcina idatha ngendlela efanayo kusukela ekuqaleni.
I-Penutup
Ukunquma ukuqondiswa kwezakhiwo ze-geological empeleni kuwumsebenzi wokuxhumanisa ukubonwa kwensimu nemibono ye-geometric. Izihluthulelo zempumelelo zisezicini ezintathu ezibalulekile: ukuhlonza isakhiwo esifanele, ukusilinganisa kusetshenziswa indlela efanele (ukushaya phansi noma ukuthambekela phansi), kanye nokurekhoda idatha ngokuphelele nangokungaguquguquki. Ngokuzijwayeza njalo kanye nokunamathela ezinqubweni ezihlelekile, idatha yokuqondiswa oyitholayo izohlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile sokuhumusha kwe-geological, kokubili ngezinjongo zemfundo kanye nezisetshenziswayo.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukuthi udale ishidi lokurekhoda lensimu eliyisampula, ifomethi ejwayelekile ye-strike–dip, noma umhlahlandlela osheshayo wokusebenzisa ama-stereonet ukucubungula idatha yokuqondisa.
