Inkululeko kanye ne-Determinism Ngokusho kukaSartre
Umbuzo wokuthi abantu bakhululekile ngempela noma banqunywa yizici zangaphandle ungenye yezingxoxo ezindala kakhulu kwifilosofi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-determinism ikholelwa ukuthi izenzo zabantu empeleni ziwumphumela wochungechunge lwezimbangela nemiphumela: izimo zezinto eziphilayo, imfundo, isiko, ngisho nezakhiwo zomnotho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umqondo wenkululeko ugomela ngokuthi abantu banendawo yokuzikhethela futhi banesibopho sokukhetha kwabo. UJean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), umuntu ohamba phambili kwi-existentialism yaseFrance, wabeka le ndaba yenkululeko phakathi kwefilosofi yakhe. Kodwa-ke, uSartre wayeqaphela nokuthi impilo yomuntu ayiveli endaweni engenamuntu: kukhona amaqiniso, imingcele, kanye nezimo "ezibophayo." Ngakho-ke, ukucabanga kukaSartre akuyona nje indumiso yothando yenkululeko, kodwa ukuhlaziywa okujulile kokuthi inkululeko isebenza kanjani eqinisweni esingalikhethi.
Ukuba Khona Kulandela Ingqikithi: Isisekelo Senkululeko
KuSartre, isihluthulelo sokuqonda inkululeko yi-thesis edumile: ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kwe-essential. Ngokungafani nezinto zokwenziwa (isib. imimese) ezine-"essential" noma injongo ngaphambi kokuba zidalwe—zenzelwe ukusika—abantu abanayo i-essential egxilile, enqunyiwe. Abantu baqala “bakhona,” bese bezibumba ngokuzikhethela nangesenzo. Akukho mvelo yomuntu esisivalela entweni ethile ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, abantu bahlala besenkambisweni yokuba khona.
Umphumela uba mubi kakhulu: uma kungekho sisekelo esibophayo, abantu abakwazi ukufihla ngemuva kwezaba zokuthi "Nginjalo nje." Okukhona yiphrojekthi yokuphila esiyakhayo. USartre akabheki ubuwena njengento engaguquki, kodwa njengomphumela wochungechunge lwezinqumo. Inkululeko ayiyona into encane engeziwe emvelweni womuntu, kodwa kunalokho isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sokuphila komuntu uqobo.
Umuntu “Oqalekisiwe Ukuze Akhululeke”
USartre washo ngokudumile ukuthi abantu “balahlwa njengenkululeko.” Lesi sitatimende sizwakala siyindida: kungani inkululeko ibizwa ngokuthi isiqalekiso? Ngoba inkululeko akuyona into ekhululekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma abantu bekhululekile ngempela, khona-ke akukho ukuqonda kokugcina okungasisindisa ekuzibophezeleni. Asikwazi ukunikela izinqumo zethu kuNkulunkulu, emasikweni, noma “emithethweni yemvelo yomuntu” njengesizathu sokugcina. Ngisho nalapho silandela izindinganiso zomphakathi, silalela imiyalo evela kubaphathi, noma silalela amasiko, uSartre wayezothi: nalokho kuyisinqumo. Sikhetha ukulalela, sikhetha ukungamelani, sikhetha ukungathathi izingozi.
Lapha, inkululeko iba umthwalo obalulekile. Inkululeko isho ukuthi kufanele sihlale sinquma—futhi lezo zinqumo zibumba ukuthi singobani. Ngisho nokungakhethi kuyindlela yokuzikhethela: ukukhetha ukuhlehlisa, ukukhetha ukugwema. Ngakho-ke, abantu abakwazi ukubalekela inkululeko; bahlala bengaphakathi kwayo, kuzo zonke izimo.
I-Determinism kanye "ne-Facticity": Imingcele Yangempela
Nakuba enqaba i-determinism njengencazelo ephelele yesenzo somuntu, uSartre akazange aphike ukuthi kukhona imingcele eqondile. Wabiza lokhu ngokuthi ubuqiniso: zonke izinto "esezikhona kakade" futhi ezingakhethwanga yithi, njengendawo yethu yokuzalwa, imizimba yethu, izimo zethu zomnotho, umlando womndeni wethu, isimo sethu sezombusazwe, ngisho nokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kwangaphambilini. Lokhu kuba yiqiniso kwakha indawo lapho inkululeko isebenza khona. Abantu abakhethi amakhadi abaphathwa ngawo, kodwa indlela abawadlala ngayo.
Isibonelo esilula: umuntu angazalelwa ebumpofwini, abhekane nokubandlululwa, noma abe nokukhubazeka ngokomzimba. KuSartre, lezi zimo zinciphisa kakhulu izinketho ezitholakalayo. Kodwa-ke, le mingcele ayisusi inkululeko, ngoba inkululeko ayisho "ukukwazi ukwenza noma yini," kodwa kunalokho ikhono lokuma, ukunikeza incazelo, nokunquma inkambo yesenzo ngaphakathi kwesimo esiqondile. Inkululeko ihlala "iyinkululeko esimweni," hhayi inkululeko engabonakali entanta emoyeni.
Yilapho umehluko kaSartre kwi-hard determinism ubonakala khona. I-Determinism icabanga ukuthi izimo zokuqala kanye nemithetho yezimbangela zanele ukuchaza izenzo; uSartre ugcizelela ubukhulu besihloko esisebenzayo: abantu abazona nje izinto ezinyakaziswayo, kodwa bangabantu abahumusha futhi bakhethe.
Ukuqaphela Nokunganaki: Kungani Abantu Bengazimiseli Ngokugcwele
USartre uhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu njengokwazi (pour-soi, “ngokwakho”) kanye nezinto njengento “ekhona nje” (en-soi, “ngokwakho”). Izinto ezifana namatshe noma izihlalo azinabanga nazo: ziyilokho eziyikho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu banokwazi okukwazi ukuziqhelelanisa, ukubuza imibuzo, nokwenqaba. Ukuqaphela kuqukethe ikhono “lokuphika”: ukusho “cha,” ukucabanga ngezinye izindlela, ukubikezela ikusasa elingakabi khona.
Leli khono lisho ukuthi abantu abafani ngokuphelele nezimo zabo. Isisebenzi asisona nje “isisebenzi”; bangaziqhelelanisa nendima yabo, bahlole umsebenzi wabo, futhi banqume ukuthi bazohlala noma bayeke umsebenzi. Umuntu ohlulekile akudingeki abe “ukwehluleka” unomphela; bangachaza ukwehluleka njengesifundo, noma ngokuphambene nalokho njengesizathu sokuyeka—bese bekhetha phakathi kwalokhu okubili. I-Determinism ivame ukubheka abantu njengento yonke; uSartre ubona abantu njengokuqonda okuhlala kudlula lokho osekunikeziwe kakade.
Ukholo Olubi: Indlela Yokubalekela Inkululeko
Uma abantu bekhululekile, kungani abaningi kangaka benomuzwa wokuthi izimpilo zabo zinqunyelwe kusengaphambili? USartre uphendula lokhu ngomqondo we-mauvaise foi, noma ukholo olubi. Ukholo olubi alugcini nje ngokuqamba amanga kwabanye, kodwa futhi luqamba amanga kithi ngokwethu: ukwenza sengathi asikhululekile ukugwema ukukhathazeka nomthwalo wemfanelo.
Isibonelo, othile angase athi, “Angikwazi ukushintsha; ngingumuntu othukuthele kakhulu.” Ngokombono kaSartre, lesi sitatimende sivame ukusebenza njengendlela yokubalekela: siguqula imikhuba noma ukuthambekela kube “amaqiniso” ahlala njalo. Noma isisebenzi singase sithi, “Ngilandela nje imiyalo,” njengokungathi izenzo zaso azihileli ukukhetha kokuziphatha. USartre ubheka lokhu njengohlobo lokuziphikisa: ukuzenza into elandela umsebenzi othile, kanti empeleni, umuntu uhlala ekhetha ukulandela noma ukwenqaba.
Ukukholwa okubi kubonisa ukuthi inkululeko ingacindezelwa ngokwengqondo. Abantu bavame ukufuna induduzo ekunqumeni—uma becabanga ukuthi izimo ziyiziphetho—ukuze bagweme ukubhekana nomthwalo wokukhetha.
Umthwalo Wemfanelo Omkhulu kanye Nobukhulu Bokuziphatha
Inkululeko kaSartre ihlala ihlotshaniswa nomthwalo wemfanelo. Uma ngizibumba ngokuzikhethela, khona-ke nginomthwalo wemfanelo kimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSartre uthi lapho umuntu ekhetha, ngesikhathi esifanayo uqinisekisa isithombe somuntu abambona efanele: ukukhetha kwami kunesitatimende esingacacile sokuthi ngibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, inkululeko inezici zokuziphatha nezomphakathi: izenzo zethu azithathi hlangothi.
Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi uSartre unikeza uhlu lokuhlola lokuziphatha oluseluvele lwenziwe. Uyakwenqaba ukuziphatha okususelwa emvelweni womuntu noma ezintweni ezibalulekile eziphathelene nokuqonda izinto. Lokho akugcizelelayo ukwethembeka kokuphila: ukuqaphela ukuthi yithina esikhethayo futhi esinomthwalo wemfanelo ngemiphumela, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukucabanga okuzikhohlisayo nokuqinisekile.
Inkululeko, Isimo Senhlalo, kanye Nokugxekwa Kokunqunywa Kwesakhiwo
Kamuva uSartre wazama nokuhlanganisa ubukhona bezinto eziphilayo nokuhlaziywa komphakathi—isibonelo, ekuzibandakanyeni kwakhe nobuMarxism, naphezu kobudlelwano babo obuyinkimbinkimbi. Waqaphela ukuthi kukhona izakhiwo zomphakathi ezicindezelayo: isigaba, izikhungo, imibono, kanye namandla. Lezi zakhiwo zinganquma kakhulu amathuba okuphila komuntu. Kodwa-ke, wagcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo aziwuvali ngokuphelele lowo muntu. Abantu basenendawo—noma ngabe incane kangakanani—yokumela futhi benze okuthile, noma ngabe leso senzo sisho ukukhetha ukuvikela, ukumelana, ukuxoxisana, noma ukudala ubumbano.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, i-social determinism iqondwa njengencazelo yezingcindezi eziqondile, hhayi njengokususwa kwegunya. USartre wenqaba izindlela ezimbili eziqine kakhulu: inkululeko ephelele, engenamkhawulo (engawanaki amaqiniso ezenhlalo) kanye ne-total determinism (esusa isihloko).
Isiphetho: Inkululeko Ephansi
Inkululeko, ngokusho kukaSartre, akuyona isiqubulo esithi "ungaba yinoma yini." Inkululeko iyiqiniso elikhona lokuthi abantu bahlala behilelekile ekukhetheni, noma ngabe ukukhetha kwabo kulinganiselwe. I-Determinism, kuSartre, iyahluleka ngoba icabanga ukuthi abantu bamane nje bangumphumela wembangela nomphumela; kuyilapho okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kubonisa ukuba khona kokwazi okukwazi ukuqhelelana, ukuhlola, nokunquma isiqondiso. Kodwa uSartre akayena umuntu ongenalwazi: ubuqiniso—umzimba, umlando, izakhiwo zomphakathi—ngumkhawulo wangempela owenza inkululeko ihlale isebenza ngaphakathi kwezimo.
Ekugcineni, uSartre usiphonsela inselelo yokuba siphile ngaphandle kokholo olubi: ukuvuma inkululeko yethu, ukuvuma imingcele yethu, nokuhlala sinesibopho sendlela esisabela ngayo kuleyo mingcele. Ezweni elivame ukusilinga ukuthi sisole izimo, uSartre usikhumbuza ukuthi ukuba ngumuntu kusho “ukuba” njalo, futhi leyo nqubo ihlala ihilela inkululeko ekhululayo neyesabisayo.
