Ukwazi Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zezibonakude Zesikhala
Selokhu abantu baqala ukubheka esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, kube nesifiso esijulile sokuqonda indawo yonke kanye nazo zonke izimangaliso zayo. I-telescope yasemkhathini ingenye yamathuluzi anikeze igxathu elikhulu ohambweni olude lwesintu oluya ezinkanyezini. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-telescope asemkhathini kanye negalelo lawo ekuchazeni izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke.
I-Hubble Telescope : Amehlo Abantu Esikhaleni
Akukho ngxoxo ngamatheleskopu asemkhathini engaqedwa ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngeHubble Space Telescope. IHubble, eyasungulwa ngo-Ephreli 24, 1990, ibe negalelo elikhulu kwi-astrophysics kanye ne-astronomy. Le teleskopu ijikeleza uMhlaba endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-547 futhi inikeze izithombe ezimangalisayo zesikhala, ezazingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
Enye yezinto ezinkulu uHubble azifezile kwaba ukutholakala kokuthi indawo yonke iyanda ngesivinini esikhulayo, okuholela ekubeni khona kwamandla amnyama. IHubble iphinde yanikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe ngokwakheka kwezinkanyezi nemithala, yabona amaplanethi ngale kwesimiso sethu selanga, futhi yanikeza ukuqonda ngemigodi emnyama emikhulu kakhulu ezikhungweni zemithala.
I-Spitzer Telescope: Ukwembula Indawo Yonke Nge-Infrared
I-Spitzer Space Telescope, eyasungulwa ngo-Agasti 2003, iyitheleskopu yesikhala esingenawo ugesi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke . Njengoba inekhono layo lokuthwebula izithombe ngamaza e-infrared, i-Spitzer ingabona uthuli lwendawo yonke oluvimba ukubonwa ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo.
I-Spitzer isize izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zibone izindawo ezakha izinkanyezi, zithole amaplanethi akude, futhi zifunde ngokuvela kwemithala. Phakathi kwezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu zikaSpitzer ukutholakala kwezindandatho ezinkulu zikaSaturn ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kanye nokubuka amaplanethi angaphandle okunikeze ukuqonda okusha ngemimoya yawo kanye ne-chemistry.
I-Chandra X-ray Telescope: Ukuhlola Indawo Yonke Nge-X-ray
I-Chandra X-ray Telescope, eyasungulwa ngoJulayi 1999, iyithuluzi elisivumela ukuthi sibone indawo yonke ngamaza e-X-ray. Le telescope isibe yisisekelo sokuqonda izinto ezikude kakhulu endaweni yonke njengemigodi emnyama, izinkanyezi ze-neutron, kanye ne-supernovae.
Ngekhono layo lokubona ukukhishwa kwe-X-ray okuvela ezintweni ezishisa kakhulu, i-Chandra inike amandla izazi zezinkanyezi ukubona izenzakalo ezinamandla njengokuqhuma kwe-supernova okudala ama-nebulae kanye nesakhiwo kanye nokuguquguquka kwegesi eshisayo kumaqoqo e-galaxy. Lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda okungenakwenzeka ngokubuka kumaza okukhanya abonakalayo noma e-infrared.
I-James Webb Telescope : Ikusasa Lezinkanyezi Zasemkhathini
I-James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) iphrojekthi enkulu ehlelelwe ukuthatha indawo ye-Hubble njenge-telescope eyinhloko yabantu emkhathini. Njengoba ihlelelwe ukwethulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2021, i-JWST iklanyelwe ukubuka indawo yonke ku-spectrum ye-infrared eseduze naphakathi, okusivumela ukuthi sibheke ngokujulile esikhathini sendawo yonke futhi sibone ukuzalwa kwezinkanyezi nemithala.
Njengoba inesibuko sayo esiyinhloko esingamamitha angu-6,5 ububanzi, i-JWST izoba nesisombululo esiphezulu kanye nokuzwela kune-Hubble. I-JWST kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngendawo yonke yakuqala, ukwakheka kanye nokuvela kwemithala, izinkanyezi, kanye nezinhlelo zamaplanethi, kanye nokusesha izimpawu zokuphila kuma-exoplanets.
I-Kepler Telescope: Umzingeli Weplanethi Ongaphandle Kwelanga
I-telescope i-Kepler, eyasungulwa ngoMashi 2009, inomsebenzi ozinikele wokufuna ama-exoplanets angase asekele ukuphila. Isebenzisa indlela yokuhamba, lapho i-Kepler ilinganisa khona ukwehla kokukhanya kwezinkanyezi njengoba iplanethi idlula phambi kwayo, i-telescope ithole izinkulungwane zabantu abazongena kuma-exoplanet.
Okutholakele kukaKepler kushintshe ukuqonda kwethu ukuba khona kwamaplanethi emthaleni wethu, okubonisa ukuthi amaplanethi amancane, afana noMhlaba avamile futhi maningi endaweni yonke. Lokhu kuvula amathuba amasha okutadisha izinhlelo zamaplanethi kanye nokwenzeka kokuphila ngale koMhlaba.
I-Gaia Telescope: Ukulinganisa Izindawo kanye Nokunyakaza Kwezinkanyezi
I-Gaia iyitheleskopu yasemkhathini eyasungulwa yi-European Space Agency (ESA) ngoDisemba 2013, ngenhloso yokumaka izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane emthaleni i-Milky Way ngokunemba okuphezulu. I-Gaia ilinganisa izikhundla, amabanga, ukunyakaza, kanye nezici zezinkanyezi, ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yezinkanyezi.
Idatha evela kuGaia ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bakhe amamephu anemininingwane emithathu e-Milky Way, baqonde isakhiwo nomlando womthala wethu, bathole izinkanyezi ezihamba ngendlela engavamile, futhi bathole ngisho nezinkanyezi ezingase zisondele ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga esikhathini esizayo.
I-Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope: Ukuqaphela Isenzakalo Esinamandla Kakhulu
I-Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, eyasungulwa ngoJuni 2008, isenza sikwazi ukutadisha indawo yonke ngamaza okukhanya kwe-gamma-ray, uhlobo lokukhanya olunamandla aphezulu kakhulu. Imisebe ye-gamma ivela kwezinye zezenzakalo ezinamandla kakhulu endaweni yonke , njengokuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray (ama-GRB), ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi, kanye nomsebenzi ozungeze imigodi emnyama.
UFermi unikeze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezindlela kanye nezakhiwo zokuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray, okuphakathi kwezehlakalo ezinamandla kakhulu endaweni yonke, eziningi zazo ezihlotshaniswa nokuqhuma kwe-supernova noma ukuhlangana kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron. Lokhu okubonwe kunikeza ukuqonda ngezinqubo eziguqula izinto ezikhanyayo zibe yizinto ezisindayo endaweni yonke.
Isiphetho
Amatheleskopu ahlukahlukene asemkhathini, ngalinye linezici nemisebenzi yalo ehlukile, lisilethe emingceleni emisha ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke . Kusukela kuHubble, eyaletha izithombe ezinhle zemithala nama-nebulae, kuya ku-JWST, okulindeleke ukuthi ivule isahluko esisha ohambweni lwethu lwendawo yonke, la matheleskopu ayizimpawu zelukuluku lomuntu kanye nokuzimisela kwakhe ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngemvelaphi, isakhiwo, kanye nokuvela kwendawo yonke.
Ama-telescope asemkhathini angaphezulu nje kwamathuluzi okubuka; ayizicabha zokubuka isikhathi esidlule nesesikhathi esizayo sendawo yonke. Ngokuthola okusha ngakunye, asigcini nje ngokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinto ngazinye kanye nezenzakalo, kodwa futhi sijulisa ukuqonda kwethu indawo yesintu endaweni yonke engenamkhawulo. Ukuthola ngakunye kuyisinyathelo sokuphendula imibuzo emikhulu ebesilokhu siyibuza kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi: Sivelaphi? Siyaphi? Futhi ingabe sodwa?
Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusebenza kanzima, isayensi yezinkanyezi yasemkhathini iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, inikeza ukuhlola okujulile nokungavamile kwezimangaliso ezinkulu zendawo yonke. Ikusasa libonakala likhanya ngokwengeziwe, kunezibonakude eziningi zasemkhathini ezisesendleleni, ezithembisa ukuqonda okwengeziwe, isimanga, kanye nokuqonda indawo yonke yethu emangalisayo.
